This thesis addresses the problem of ambulance allocation and relocation within the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system of the Piedmont region. The aim of the study is to develop a methodological framework that integrates optimization techniques and dynamic simulation to support both strategic and operational planning decisions. Several location–allocation models were developed and compared based on efficiency, equity, and territorial coverage criteria, including a reliability-based formulation that accounts for ambulance availability and the clinical severity of calls. A dynamic simulation model was then implemented to evaluate the operational performance of the optimal static configurations, comparing a traditional return-to-base policy with a data-driven dynamic redeployment strategy constrained by realistic operational and shift conditions.