If necessity is the mother of invention then there is at least one really positive development that has arisen from a universal shortage of natural resources; Artists and designers around the world have found all kinds of creative ways to give discarded and existing materials new life. The producing of goods generates wastes through each step of the life cycle. From raw material extraction to manufacturing; From packaging to distributing and transporting; And from use to eventual disposal; requires energy and natural resources. The Middle East has always plenty of natural resources. Crude oil and natural gas, like other resources, have a finite supply. Because we are consuming more and more of these fuels each year, there is concern about exhausting them in the near future. There will always be many economically,energetically and environmentally benefits of recycling and reusing. Nowadays natural resources have been used, up to the alarming rate. Deforestation goes rapidly and massive tons of wastes are produced every second. The importance of recycling and reusing and reducing natural resources cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this thesis is presenting series of initiatives works in the sense of using waste materials in architecture in the Middle East region.

List of Charts

List of Tables

Abbreviations

Chapter 01- Introduction

1-1. Introduction

1-2.Aim of Thesis

Chapter 02- Preliminary Information

The Social and Historical and Environmental Background

2-1.The Economic Crisis

2-1-1. The Oil Crisis of The 70's

2-1-2. Opportunities of The Crisis

2-1-3. Alternative experiences

2-1-4. The State of Art

2-2. Garbage Architecture

2-3. The Waste Crisis

2-3-1. The Global Situation

2-3-2. What's Happening in the Middle

2-3-3. The Effect of Globalisation

2-3-4. Global Recycling Market

2-3-5. Megacities and Waste Management

2-3-6. The Informal Recycling Sector

2-3-7. Decouling Waste Generation from GDP

Chapter 03- Theorical and Conceptual

Waste from Production to Management

3-1. Waste Concepts and Definitions

3-1-1. Waste

3-1-2. Waste Classification

3-1-2-1. Special Waste

3-1-2-2. Liquid Waste

3-1-2-3. Hazardous Waste.

3-1-2-4. Restricted Solid Waste

3-1-2-5. General solid waste (putrescible)

3-1-2-6. General solid waste (non-putrescible)

3-1-3. Waste Composition

3-1-4. Waste Generation

3-1-4-1. Waste Generation by Region

3-1-4-2. Waste Generation by Country Income Level

3-1-5. Waste Recycling

3-1-6. Waste Management

3-1-6-1. Global Facts for Waste Management

3-1-6-2. The Environmental Impact of Waste Management

3-1-7. Waste Disposal

3-2. Waste in The Middle East Region

3-2-1. A Quick Overview of Waste Diversity in Region

3-2-2. Historical and Cultural Context

3-3. Municipal Solid Waste Generation in The Middle East

3-4. Municipal Solid Waste Management in The Middle

3- 5. Waste Composition in The Middle East

3- 6. Waste Recycling in The Middle East

3-7. Waste Prevention in The Middle East

3- 8. Waste to Energy for The Middle East

Chapter 04- The Approach

Implementation of Reused and Recycled Material

4-1. What is 3R?

4-2. The Life Cycle of Materials

4-3. Recycling in Sustainable Development

4-4. Definition of Recycling Concepts

4-4-1. Why is Recycling Important?

4-4-2. Benefits of Recycling

4-4-3. The Impact of Recycling

4-5. Architecture with Reused and Recycled Materials

4-5-1. The Benefits of Using Reuse of Building Materials

4-5-2. Reuse of Waste Materials

4-5-2-1. Reuse of Tyres

4-5-2-2. Reuse of Wooden Pallets

4-5-2-3. Reuse of Plastic Crates

4-5-2-4. Reuse of Cans

4-5-2-5. Reuse of Cardboards

4-5-2-6. Reuse of Plastic Bottles

4-5-2-7. Reuse of Containers

4-5-2-8. Reuse of Vehicles

4- 5-3. The New Technology

Chapter 05 - Case Studies

Reuse of Wooden Pallets _ Recycled Loft

Reuse of Cans _ Bat Yam Pavilion

Reuse of Cans _Shumis Pizzeria

Reuse of Cardboards _ Eco Shelter

Reuse of Plastic and Glass Bottles _ The Green House

Reuse of Fisherman's Nylone Net and Oil Barrel _ The Majlis

Reuse of Container _ Eco Container

Reuse of Container _ Doshma Art Gallery

Reuse of Container _ The Lod Student Village

Reuse of Container _ Commercial Center Trump Gadde

Reuse of Container _ Shipping Container Terminal

Reuse of Vehicles _ Bed & Breakfast

Reuse of Vehicles _ Modern House from Discarded Bus

Reuse of Plastic Crates _ Emergency Shelter

Reuse of Wooden Pallets, Tyres, Paper, PVC, PET and use of (Eco Board) _ Cedar office

Reuse of Wooden Pallets, PET and use of (Eco Board) _ Colonel Microbewery

Reuse of Leftover Stones _ Appartment No.1

Reuse of Cans, PET, Paper, PVC _ Gecekondoo Shelter

Reuse of Tyres _ School of Tyres

Reuse of Container_ Sderot Student Village

Conclusion

Refrences

Pawley, Garbage Housing, Architectural press, 1975

A.Zimring, L.Rathje, Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage, SAGE ublications, 2012

Hoornweg et al, Waste Management in China: Issues and Recomendations. Urban Development Working apers, No 9, 2005

Web Sites

www.archdaily.com

www.ar-co.org

www. avatar-architettura. it

www.ayalim.org

www.bustanqaraaqa.weebly.com

www.cedarenv.com

www.christiania.org

www.clubofrome.org

www.collectiveterrain.blogspot.it

www.decoist.com

www.desmena.com

www.dropcitydoc.com

www.earthbagbuilding.com

www.earthship.com

www.ecoMENA.org

www.epa.nsw.gov.au

www.fead.be

www.gadarchitecture.com

www.greenprophet.com

www.inhabitat.com

www.intechopen.com

www.intercon.es

www.kuwaitmomsguide.com

www.Iibya-design.com

www.messer-architects.co.il

www.potash-arch.com

www.psfk.com

www.statista.com

www.theguardian.com

www.themudhome.com

www.unpcyclethat.com

www.unstats.un.org

www.umich.edu

www.waste-management-world.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.worldbank.org

Reports

ISWA, Globalisation and Waste Management, 2012

World Bank, Annual Report, 2014

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Waste and Climate Change: global trends and strategy framework, 2010

WRAP, Gate fees report, 2008

GIZ, Company report, 2011

PAHO, Report on The Regional Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Management Services in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005

Waste to energy: An opportunity for a new industrial typology in Abu Dhbi, Article,2015

Journals

Waste & Recycling, Middle East, May 2015