Today’s industrial society depends on energy, and there can be no ecological shift without an energy and protein transition. Adopting a systemic and ecological perspective, agri-food systems emerge as complex dynamic structures shaped by technological, regulatory, and cultural interactions. Currently, these systems face critical challenges driven by population growth and climate change, threatening global food security and sovereignty. In this context, this thesis explores Duckweed (or water lentils) as a strategic alternative protein source, traditionally used in Asian cuisine. Approved as a Novel Food by the EU in 2025, it offers a high nutritional profile and superior sustainability, packed with protein (35-43% dry weight), essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.