Due to the increasing global water scarcity and the growing demand for fresh water, the development of efficient and sustainable desalination technologies has become crucial. Conventional distillation processes, while effective, are often energy-intensive and limited by high operational costs. Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a promising alternative, utilizing a hydrophobic membrane to facilitate vapor transport while preventing liquid water penetration. The process is driven by a temperature-induced vapor pressure difference across the membrane, enabling operation at lower temperatures and pressures compared to traditional distillation. Among the different MD configurations, hollow fiber membrane distillation (HFMD) offers significant advantages due to its high surface-area-to-volume ratio, compact design, and potential for energy-efficient water purification.