Atherosclerosis is a vascular disease of the wall of large and medium-sized arteries, leading to inflammation and thickening of the arterial wall with a progressive occlusion of the lumen due to the formation of the atheromatic plaque, a deposition of fatty material on the luminal surface. Several local biological, biomechanical and systemic factors are involved in the onset and progression of the atherosclerotic disease. In particular, near-wall mass transport plays a key role in vascular disease. In detail, oxygen transport is markedly involved in the initiation of the atherosclerotic disease, as hypoxic conditions promote the inflammation of the arterial wall. As for biomechanical factors, local hemodynamics, and, in particular, wall shear stress (WSS) magnitude and topology are the main actors involved in the development of the disease.