polito.it
Politecnico di Torino (logo)

Finite element modeling of existing masonry towers : the Asinelli Tower

Natalia Elizabeth Lozano Ramirez

Finite element modeling of existing masonry towers : the Asinelli Tower.

Rel. Stefano Invernizzi. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città, 2015

This is the latest version of this item.

Abstract:

ABSTRACT

Recent technological developments in mechanical investigation techniques and non-destructive monitoring of masonry buildings provide today an amount of information, unthinkable up until yesterday. Likewise the techniques of automated laser survey allow a rapid and precise definition of the geometry of a building, with a level of detail never previously reached. On the other hand, the applications to the modeling of complex masonry historical structures are not as widespread, and constitute an interesting subject of research. Despite the fact that numerical modeling techniques based on the finite element method have progressed considerably, and the computing power available is constantly growing. The difficulties that are encountered are manifold, and reside especially on the absence of well consolidated procedures for the definition of the model and for the management of uncertainties.

The Asinelli Tower in Bologna is taken as a case study to define a general methodology for the analysis of historical masonry towers. Using the finite element code DIANA (TNO Diana, Netherlands) the difficulties that are typically encountered in building models of increasing complexity are addressed, proposing a general procedure.

The study of the tower, although not directed to the formulation of an explicit judgment on the structural stability, has led to the formulation of an anisotropic cracked masonry model, capable of representing the dynamic behavior of the tower with greater efficiency compared to what is available in the scientific literature.

KEYWORDS: Masonry structures, Finite element modeling, Anisotropic material, Linear static analysis, Modal analysis, Nonlinear static analysis

SOMMARIO

I recenti sviluppi nelle tecniche d’indagine meccanica non distruttiva e di monitoraggio degli edifici in muratura forniscono, oggigiorno, una mole d’informazioni sino a ieri impensabile. Anche le tecniche di rilievo laser automatizzato permettono una rapida e precisa definizione della geometria dell’edificio, con un livello di dettaglio mai raggiunto in precedenza. D’altro canto, le applicazioni alla modellazione di complesse strutture storiche in muratura non sono così diffuse, e costituiscono un interessante oggetto di ricerca. Nonostante che, le tecniche di modellazione numerica basate sul metodo degli elementi finiti siano progredite notevolmente, e la potenza di calcolo disponibile sia in costante crescita. Le difficoltà che si incontrano sono molteplici, e risiedono in speciale modo nella mancanza di procedure ben assodate per la definizione del modello e per la gestione delle incertezze.

La Torre degli Asinelli di Bologna è assunta come caso studio per definire una metodologia generale di analisi delle torri storiche in muratura. Mediante il codice agli elementi finiti DIANA (TNO Diana, Olanda) sono affrontate le difficoltà che tipicamente si incontrano nel costruire modelli di complessità crescente, proponendo una procedura generale.

Lo studio della torre, pur non essendo rivolto alla formulazione di un giudizio esplicito sulla stabilità, ha condotto alla formulazione di un modello anisotropo della muratura fessurata, in grado di rappresentare il comportamento dinamico della torre con maggiore efficacia rispetto a quanto reperibile nella letteratura scientifica.

PAROLE CHIAVE: Strutture in muratura, Modellazione agli elementi finite, Materiali anisotropi, Analisi statica lineare, Analisi modale, Analisi statica non lineare

Relators: Stefano Invernizzi
Publication type: Printed
Subjects: A Architettura > AP Architectural survey
T Tecnica e tecnologia delle costruzioni > TA Consolidamento
Corso di laurea: Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città
Classe di laurea: UNSPECIFIED
Aziende collaboratrici: UNSPECIFIED
URI: http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/4259
Chapters:

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

1.2. PURPOSE

1.3. METHOD

1.4. LIMITATIONS

2. CASE STUDY

2.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW

2.2. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

2.3. HISTORY OF THE TOWER

2.4. INTERVENTIONS AND ANALYSES

2.4.1. Recent reasearch and restoration projects

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

3.1.1. Masonry structures: The Asinelli tower

3.1.2.Solid models

3.1.3. Soil-structure interaction

3.1.4. Discretization elements and interpolation models

3.1.5. Comparisons

3.1.6. Material modeling

3.2. LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS

3.2.1. Global formulation

3.3. MODAL ANALYSIS

3.3.1. Free vibration eigen value problem

3.4. NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER)

3.4.1. Modal pushover analysis (MPA)

3.4.2. Capacity curve

3.4.3. Reduction factor due to ductility

3.4.4. Seismic demand

4. RESULTS AND COMPARISON

4.1. FIRST COMPARISON

4.1.1. Linear static analysis

4.1.2. Modal analysis

4.2. SECOND COMPARISON

4.2.1. Modal analysis

4.3. THIRD COMPARISON

4.3.1. Nonlinear static analysis (Pushover)

5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FIGURES LIST

Figure 1. Asinelli tower’s location in Bologna’s city center

Figure 2. Bologna landscape view from ‘San Michele in Bosco'

Figure 3. The two towers of Bologna: Asinelli (left) and Garisenda (right)

Figure 4. Tower structural South section and cross-sections (SCA 1:500 / Units: meters)

Figure 5. Towered Bologna in 1505, from Francesco Francia’s fresco at Palazzo Comunale

Figure 6. Internal space of the tower

Figure 7. Interventions and analyses in the tower (XII - XIX centuries)

Figure 8. Most recent interventions and analyses in the tower (XX and XXI centuries)

Figure 9. Asinelli tower average hourly FFT on the 2 horizontal orthogonal components

Figure 10. Beam finite element model by Riva et al. (1998)

Figure 11. Shell finite element model by Ceccoli (2011)

Figure 12. Three-dimensional finite element model by Carpinteri et al. (2013)

Figure 13. Terrestrial laser-scanning test performed to the Asinelli tower

Figure 14. Simple l, Simple2 and Complex l models geometry

Figure 15. Modeling processes example for Simple2 model

Figure 16. Simple1 model’s meshing (without and with embeded solids)

Figure 17. Structural Winkler model

Figure 18. Comparison between no shear transfer model between springs and opposite

Figure 19. Spring stiffness distribution for Winkler model with higher stiffness at edges

Figure 20. Types of three-dimensional finite elements

Figure 21. CTE30 element

Figure 22. Simple2 model foundation’s mide-side nodes

Figure 23. Bar particle in solid element

Figure 24. Steel cables position and section dimensions

Figure 25. CT36I element’s topology and displacements

Figure 26. Interface element in Complexl model with boundary constraints

Figure 27. Simplel, Simple2 and Complexl models mesh

Figure 28. Multi-directional fixed crack model for plain strain

Figure 29. Secant crack stiffness

Figure 30. Relation between traditional and secant crack parameters

Figure 31. Properties for Structural Linear Static Analysis in MeshEdit

Figure 32. Free vibration of a two-story frame system in its fundamental mode

Figure 33. Properties for Structural Eigenvalue Analysis in MeshEdit

Figure 34. Equivalent SDOF model and bilinear capacity curve

Figure 35. Graphical method to determine seismic demand

Figure 36. Top displacements due to self-weight [m]

Figure 37. Vertical stresses due to self-weight [N/m2]

Figure 38. Comparison of natural frequencies between models and its references

Figure 39. Simplel model modal shapes

Figure 40. Simple2 model modal shapes

Figure 41. Complexl model modal shapes

Figure 42. Frequencies for different damage parameters (Mode 1, 3, 5 and 6)

Figure 43. Pushover curves for Simplel, Simple2 and Complexl models

Figure 44. SDOF and bilinear capacity curves for Simplel, Simple2 and Complex1 models.

Figure 45. Simple1 nonlinear cracking pattern

Figure 46. Simple2 nonlinear cracking pattern

Figure 47. Complex1 nonlinear cracking pattern

TABLES LIST

Table 1. Mechanical characteristics of the structural materials (Palermo (2015))

Table 2. Mechanical characteristics of the soil surrounding the tower (Palermo (2015))

Table 3. Experimentally measured periods (ranges) (Palermo (2015))

Table 4. One and two-dimensional finite element models by Palermo et al. (2015)

Table 5. Simple1, Simple2 and Complex1 models material properties

Table 6. Elastic coefficients to be entered in FX+ to the Complex1 model

Table 7. Values of q for historical towers

Table 8. Natural frequencies (f) and periods (T) of vibration (First comparison)

Table 9. Modal mass participation and principal direction

Table 10. Natural frequencies (f) of vibration for different d [Hz]

Table 11. Natural periods (T) of vibration for different D [s]

Table 12. Participation factor r for Simple1, Simple2 and Complex1 models

Table 13. Reduction factors

EQUATIONS LIST

Equation 1. Total strain in smeared crack model

Equation 2. Local crack strain and relation with global strain

Equation 3. Crack stress-strain relation

Equation 4. Crack stress-strain relation with traditional parameters

Equation 5. Damage parameter d

Equation 6. Elastic coefficients for transversely isotropic materials

Equation 7. Stiffness Matrix modified by the damage parameter d

Equation 8. Conditions for verification

Equation 9. Global formulation of FEM

Equation 10. Virtual work

Equation 11. Approximate solution for the global formulation of FEM

Equation 12. Matrix eigenvalue problem

Equation 13. Modal pushover load distribution in DIANA

Equation 14. Equivalent SDOF system from MDOF system

Equation 15. Reduction factor calculation

Equation 16. Inelastic AD spectrum

Equation 17. Bilinear capacity curve transformation to AD format

Bibliography:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azzara, R. M., Cavaliere, A., Danesi, S., Morelli, A., & Zaccarelli, L. (2014). Rapporto Tecnico 284: Il monitoraggio sismico della torre degli Asinelli e della Garisenda. Risultati preliminari dell’analisi dei dati (No. 284) (p. 41). Roma: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV. Retrieved from http://www.ingv.it/editoria/rapporti/2014/rapporto284/

Azzara, R. M., Zaccarelli, L., Morelli, A., Trombetti, T., Dallavalle, G., Cavaliere, A., & Danesi, S. (2014). Seismic monitoring of the Asinelli and Garisenda medieval towers in Bologna (Italy), an instrumental contribution to the engineering modeling directed to their protection. Presented at the 2nd Conference on Protection of Historical Construction, Antalya.

Bergonzoni, F. (1989). Le Torri di Bologna: quando e perché sorsero, come vennero costruite, quante furono, chi le innalzò, come scomparvero, quali esistono ancora. Casalecchio di Reno: Grafis.

Bertacchini, E., Boni, E., Capra, A., Castagnetti, C., & Dubbini, M. (2010). Terrestrial Laser Scanner for Surveying and Monitoring Middle Age Towers (Vol. TS 4D -number 4445, pp. 1- 13). Presented at the XXIV FIG Congress - Facing the Challenges-Buiding he Capacities- 2010, FIG Federation INternational des Geometres. Retrieved from https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/746526

Capitani, O. (2007). Bologna nel Medioevo. Bologna: Bononia University Press.

Carpinteri, A. (1995). Scienza delle costruzioni 1 (3rd ed.). Bologna: Pitagora.

Carpinteri, A., Lacidogna, G., Invernizzi, S., & Manuello, A. (2013). AE monitoring and structural modeling of the Asinelli Tower in Bologna (p. 10). Presented at the 13th International Conference of Fracture, Beijing, China.

Caselunghe, A., & Eriksson, J. (2012). Structural Element Approaches for Soil-Structure Interaction (Master of Science Thesis in the Master’s Programme Structural Engineering and Building Performance Design). Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden.

Celigüeta Lizarza, J. T. (2011). Método de los Elementos Finitos para Análisis Estructural (4th ed.). España: Tecnun.

Chopra, A. K. (1995). Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall.

Chopra, A. K., & Goel, R. K. (2002). A modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating seismic demands for buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 561- 582. http://d0i.0rg/l0.1002/eqe.144

Comune di Bologna. (2009). Bologna città delle torri: attraverso la storia, l’arte e la tecnica. Bologna: CIPEA.

Comune di Bologna. (2010). Progetto per il consolidamento delle strutture in elevazione della torre Asinelli [Technical sheets TAV1a -4b], Retrieved from http://www.comune.bologna.it/lavoripubblici/servizi/123:7016/7755/

Comune di Bologna. (2012). Monitoraggio Due Torri. Retrieved from http://www.comune.bologna.it/duetorri/notizie/146:10405/

Comune di Bologna. (2015). Carta Tecnica Comunale. Digital, Iperbole: la rete civica di Bologna. Retrieved from http://urp.comune.bologna.it/PortaleSIT/portalesit.nsf/ViewDocWeb/BF4C7265DF03ACBEC125 77A00046C716?OpenDocument

DAmbrisi, A., Mariani, V., & Mezzi, M. (2012). Seismic assessment of a historical masonry tower with nonlinear static and dynamic analyses tuned on ambient vibration tests. Engineering Structures, 36, 210-219. http://doi.Org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.009

Das, B. M. (2012). Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering (4 edition). Stamford, CT: CL Engineering.

Fajfar, P. (2000). A Nonlinear Analysis Method for Performance-Based Seismic Design. Earthquake Spectra, 16(3), 573-592. http://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586128

Midas IT Corporation. (2014). midas FX+ for DIANA. Delft: TNO DIANA BV. Retrieved from http://tnodiana.com/midas-FX-for-DIANA

Ministero Infrastrutture e Trasporti. (2008). Norme tecniche per le costruzioni D.M.14 gennaio 2008. Roma, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.geologi.it/leggi/dm_14-01-2008.htm

Ministero Infrastrutture e Trasporti. (2011). Valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle NTC 14 gennaio 2008 DPCM 9 febbraio 2011. G.U.R.I.

Miranda, E., & Bertero, V. V. (1994). Evaluation of Strength Reduction Factors for Earthquake- Resistant Design. Earthquake Spectra, 10(2), 357-379. http://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585778

Palermo, M., Silvestri, S., Gasparini, G., Baraccani, S., & Trombetti, T. (2015). An approach for the mechanical characterisation of the Asinelli Tower (Bologna) in presence of insufficient experimental data. Journal of Cultural Heritage. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.05.002

Pesci, A., Casula, G., & Boschi, E. (2011). Laser scanning the Garisenda and Asinelli towers in Bologna (Italy): Detailed deformation patterns of two ancient leaning buildings. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12(2), 117-127. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.01.002

Pesci, A., Teza, G., Bonali, E., Casula, G., & Boschi, E. (2013). A laser scanning-based method for fast estimation of seismic-induced building deformations. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 79, 185-198. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.02.021

Rao, S. S. (2004). The finite element method in engineering. 4th ed (4th ed.). Elsevier Science & Technology Books.

Reddy, J. N. (2014). An Introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis: with applications to heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics. OUP Oxford.

Riva, P., Perotti, F., Guidoboni, E., & Boschi, E. (1998). Seismic analysis of the Asinelli Tower

and earthquakes in Bologna. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 17(7-8), 525-550.

http://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261 (98)00009-8

Roca, P., Cervera, M., Gariup, G., & Pela’, L. (2010). Structural Analysis of Masonry Historical Constructions. Classical and Advanced Approaches. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 17(3), 299-325. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-010-9046-1

Rots, J. G., Invernizzi, S., & Belletti, B. (2006). Saw-tooth softening/stiffening - a stable computational procedure for RC structures. Computers and Concrete, 3(4). http://doi.Org/10.12989/cac.2006.3.4.213

The Meter. (2010). Bulk specific weight and density. Retrieved from http://www.themeter.net/pesi-muc_e.htm

TNO DIANA BV. (2014a). DIANA Finite Element Modeling (Version 9.6). Delft: TNO DIANA BV. Retrieved from http://tnodiana.com/

TNO DIANA BV. (2014b). User’s Manual Release 9.6 (Analysis Procedures) (1st ed.). Delft: TNO DIANA BV.

TNO DIANA BV. (2014c). User’s Manual Release 9.6 (Element Library) (1st ed.). Delft: TNO DIANA BV.

TNO DIANA BV. (2014d). User’s Manual Release 9.6 (Material Library) (1st ed.). Delft: TNO DIANA BV.

TNO DIANA BV. (2014e). User’s Manual Release 9.6 (Theory) (1st ed.). Delft: TNO DIANA BV.

Wilson, E. L. (2010). Static and Dynamic Analysis Of Structures: A Physical Approach with Emphasis on Earthquake Engineering. Computers and Structures, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.edwilson.org/book/book.htm

Modify record (reserved for operators) Modify record (reserved for operators)