Natalia Elizabeth Lozano Ramirez
Finite element modeling of existing masonry towers : the Asinelli Tower.
Rel. Stefano Invernizzi. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città, 2015
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Abstract: |
ABSTRACT Recent technological developments in mechanical investigation techniques and non-destructive monitoring of masonry buildings provide today an amount of information, unthinkable up until yesterday. Likewise the techniques of automated laser survey allow a rapid and precise definition of the geometry of a building, with a level of detail never previously reached. On the other hand, the applications to the modeling of complex masonry historical structures are not as widespread, and constitute an interesting subject of research. Despite the fact that numerical modeling techniques based on the finite element method have progressed considerably, and the computing power available is constantly growing. The difficulties that are encountered are manifold, and reside especially on the absence of well consolidated procedures for the definition of the model and for the management of uncertainties. The Asinelli Tower in Bologna is taken as a case study to define a general methodology for the analysis of historical masonry towers. Using the finite element code DIANA (TNO Diana, Netherlands) the difficulties that are typically encountered in building models of increasing complexity are addressed, proposing a general procedure. The study of the tower, although not directed to the formulation of an explicit judgment on the structural stability, has led to the formulation of an anisotropic cracked masonry model, capable of representing the dynamic behavior of the tower with greater efficiency compared to what is available in the scientific literature. KEYWORDS: Masonry structures, Finite element modeling, Anisotropic material, Linear static analysis, Modal analysis, Nonlinear static analysis SOMMARIO I recenti sviluppi nelle tecniche d’indagine meccanica non distruttiva e di monitoraggio degli edifici in muratura forniscono, oggigiorno, una mole d’informazioni sino a ieri impensabile. Anche le tecniche di rilievo laser automatizzato permettono una rapida e precisa definizione della geometria dell’edificio, con un livello di dettaglio mai raggiunto in precedenza. D’altro canto, le applicazioni alla modellazione di complesse strutture storiche in muratura non sono così diffuse, e costituiscono un interessante oggetto di ricerca. Nonostante che, le tecniche di modellazione numerica basate sul metodo degli elementi finiti siano progredite notevolmente, e la potenza di calcolo disponibile sia in costante crescita. Le difficoltà che si incontrano sono molteplici, e risiedono in speciale modo nella mancanza di procedure ben assodate per la definizione del modello e per la gestione delle incertezze. La Torre degli Asinelli di Bologna è assunta come caso studio per definire una metodologia generale di analisi delle torri storiche in muratura. Mediante il codice agli elementi finiti DIANA (TNO Diana, Olanda) sono affrontate le difficoltà che tipicamente si incontrano nel costruire modelli di complessità crescente, proponendo una procedura generale. Lo studio della torre, pur non essendo rivolto alla formulazione di un giudizio esplicito sulla stabilità, ha condotto alla formulazione di un modello anisotropo della muratura fessurata, in grado di rappresentare il comportamento dinamico della torre con maggiore efficacia rispetto a quanto reperibile nella letteratura scientifica. PAROLE CHIAVE: Strutture in muratura, Modellazione agli elementi finite, Materiali anisotropi, Analisi statica lineare, Analisi modale, Analisi statica non lineare
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Relators: | Stefano Invernizzi |
Publication type: | Printed |
Subjects: | A Architettura > AP Architectural survey T Tecnica e tecnologia delle costruzioni > TA Consolidamento |
Corso di laurea: | Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città |
Classe di laurea: | UNSPECIFIED |
Aziende collaboratrici: | UNSPECIFIED |
URI: | http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/4259 |
Chapters: | CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND 1.2. PURPOSE 1.3. METHOD 1.4. LIMITATIONS 2. CASE STUDY 2.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW 2.2. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.3. HISTORY OF THE TOWER 2.4. INTERVENTIONS AND ANALYSES 2.4.1. Recent reasearch and restoration projects 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 3.1. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 3.1.1. Masonry structures: The Asinelli tower 3.1.2.Solid models 3.1.3. Soil-structure interaction 3.1.4. Discretization elements and interpolation models 3.1.5. Comparisons 3.1.6. Material modeling 3.2. LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS 3.2.1. Global formulation 3.3. MODAL ANALYSIS 3.3.1. Free vibration eigen value problem 3.4. NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS (PUSHOVER) 3.4.1. Modal pushover analysis (MPA) 3.4.2. Capacity curve 3.4.3. Reduction factor due to ductility 3.4.4. Seismic demand 4. RESULTS AND COMPARISON 4.1. FIRST COMPARISON 4.1.1. Linear static analysis 4.1.2. Modal analysis 4.2. SECOND COMPARISON 4.2.1. Modal analysis 4.3. THIRD COMPARISON 4.3.1. Nonlinear static analysis (Pushover) 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES. BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES LIST Figure 1. Asinelli tower’s location in Bologna’s city center Figure 2. Bologna landscape view from ‘San Michele in Bosco' Figure 3. The two towers of Bologna: Asinelli (left) and Garisenda (right) Figure 4. Tower structural South section and cross-sections (SCA 1:500 / Units: meters) Figure 5. Towered Bologna in 1505, from Francesco Francia’s fresco at Palazzo Comunale Figure 6. Internal space of the tower Figure 7. Interventions and analyses in the tower (XII - XIX centuries) Figure 8. Most recent interventions and analyses in the tower (XX and XXI centuries) Figure 9. Asinelli tower average hourly FFT on the 2 horizontal orthogonal components Figure 10. Beam finite element model by Riva et al. (1998) Figure 11. Shell finite element model by Ceccoli (2011) Figure 12. Three-dimensional finite element model by Carpinteri et al. (2013) Figure 13. Terrestrial laser-scanning test performed to the Asinelli tower Figure 14. Simple l, Simple2 and Complex l models geometry Figure 15. Modeling processes example for Simple2 model Figure 16. Simple1 model’s meshing (without and with embeded solids) Figure 17. Structural Winkler model Figure 18. Comparison between no shear transfer model between springs and opposite Figure 19. Spring stiffness distribution for Winkler model with higher stiffness at edges Figure 20. Types of three-dimensional finite elements Figure 21. CTE30 element Figure 22. Simple2 model foundation’s mide-side nodes Figure 23. Bar particle in solid element Figure 24. Steel cables position and section dimensions Figure 25. CT36I element’s topology and displacements Figure 26. Interface element in Complexl model with boundary constraints Figure 27. Simplel, Simple2 and Complexl models mesh Figure 28. Multi-directional fixed crack model for plain strain Figure 29. Secant crack stiffness Figure 30. Relation between traditional and secant crack parameters Figure 31. Properties for Structural Linear Static Analysis in MeshEdit Figure 32. Free vibration of a two-story frame system in its fundamental mode Figure 33. Properties for Structural Eigenvalue Analysis in MeshEdit Figure 34. Equivalent SDOF model and bilinear capacity curve Figure 35. Graphical method to determine seismic demand Figure 36. Top displacements due to self-weight [m] Figure 37. Vertical stresses due to self-weight [N/m2] Figure 38. Comparison of natural frequencies between models and its references Figure 39. Simplel model modal shapes Figure 40. Simple2 model modal shapes Figure 41. Complexl model modal shapes Figure 42. Frequencies for different damage parameters (Mode 1, 3, 5 and 6) Figure 43. Pushover curves for Simplel, Simple2 and Complexl models Figure 44. SDOF and bilinear capacity curves for Simplel, Simple2 and Complex1 models. Figure 45. Simple1 nonlinear cracking pattern Figure 46. Simple2 nonlinear cracking pattern Figure 47. Complex1 nonlinear cracking pattern
TABLES LIST Table 1. Mechanical characteristics of the structural materials (Palermo (2015)) Table 2. Mechanical characteristics of the soil surrounding the tower (Palermo (2015)) Table 3. Experimentally measured periods (ranges) (Palermo (2015)) Table 4. One and two-dimensional finite element models by Palermo et al. (2015) Table 5. Simple1, Simple2 and Complex1 models material properties Table 6. Elastic coefficients to be entered in FX+ to the Complex1 model Table 7. Values of q for historical towers Table 8. Natural frequencies (f) and periods (T) of vibration (First comparison) Table 9. Modal mass participation and principal direction Table 10. Natural frequencies (f) of vibration for different d [Hz] Table 11. Natural periods (T) of vibration for different D [s] Table 12. Participation factor r for Simple1, Simple2 and Complex1 models Table 13. Reduction factors
EQUATIONS LIST Equation 1. Total strain in smeared crack model Equation 2. Local crack strain and relation with global strain Equation 3. Crack stress-strain relation Equation 4. Crack stress-strain relation with traditional parameters Equation 5. Damage parameter d Equation 6. Elastic coefficients for transversely isotropic materials Equation 7. Stiffness Matrix modified by the damage parameter d Equation 8. Conditions for verification Equation 9. Global formulation of FEM Equation 10. Virtual work Equation 11. Approximate solution for the global formulation of FEM Equation 12. Matrix eigenvalue problem Equation 13. Modal pushover load distribution in DIANA Equation 14. Equivalent SDOF system from MDOF system Equation 15. Reduction factor calculation Equation 16. Inelastic AD spectrum Equation 17. Bilinear capacity curve transformation to AD format |
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