The growing global energy demand and the urgency of mitigating climate change have driven intense research toward sustainable materials for solar energy con- version. Among the various emerging semiconductors, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) with typical ABX3 structure have recently gained attentions thanks to their remarkable optical tunability and low-cost fabrication routes, therefore emerg- ing as promising materials for next generation optoelectronic and photocatalytic technologies. Within this class, tin-based perovskites (THPs) are considered the most viable alternative to toxic lead analogues. However, their widespread adop- tion remains limited by the intrinsic instability of the Sn2+ oxidation state, which rapidly converts into Sn4+ in the presence of oxygen , leading to structural and elec- tronic degradation.