The Mediterranean Sea Basin is recognized as a climate hotspot, primarily due to its vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. This region experiences warming trends compared to the global average, leading to increased evapotranspiration rates and significant alterations in agricultural water needs. Climate models project substantial shifts in precipitation patterns, including changes in seasonality and an increased frequency of extreme events such as droughts and heavy rainfall. These factors exacerbate existing challenges related to water scarcity, posing critical threats to agriculture, ecosystems, and socio-economic stability in the Mediterranean Basin. This study aims to investigate the effects of climate change and rainfall variability on the crop water use of tomato, maize, and wheat in the Mediterranean countries and in particular it provides a focus on Italy.