Two-dimensional (2D) materials have allowed the fabrication of few-atom thick, atomically smooth nanopores and nanochannels. The anomalous transport of ions and molecules within such extreme nanostructures strongly depends on the physical confinement, the geometry of the nanofludic device and the physicochemical properties of the materials used. Understanding the importance of those parameters and controlling them at the atomic scale will enable the design of breakthrough technologies in filtration, biology, nanomedicine and energy harvesting. This work focuses on the design, nanofabrication, and characterization of nanopores based on 2D materials for transducing the electrochemical potential difference between fresh water and seawater into an electrical current.