IoT-based digital twin framework for Industry 5.0

The rapid evolution of Industry 4.0 has underscored the importance of digital technologies, particularly Digital Twins (DTs), in enhancing manufacturing processes through real-time monitoring, simulation, and data-driven decision-making. However, the existing frameworks for the development of IoT-based Digital Twins are incomplete and fail to address the new requirements introduced by the Industry 5.0, such as sustainability, human-centricity and resilience. To address these requirements, a new standard framework, adapted from the Internet of Things Architectural Reference Model (IoT-ARM) originally developed under a European Union-funded project between 2010 and 2013, has been realized. This thesis implements a monitoring Digital Twin case study to validate the newly proposed framework with the aim of proving its validity in the manufacturing sector. Through this detailed case study, the validity of the proposed framework is demonstrated, highlighting its potential to advance the objectives of Industry 5.0. The results confirm the framework's potential as a benchmark for future IoT architectures that incorporate Digital Twins and its possibilities to drive innovation in the manufacturing sector.