Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) represent a promising class of low-cost, environmentally friendly photovoltaic devices that offer an alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The present study investigates the properties of DSSCs constructed from titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles for their photovoltaic efficiency, focusing on evaluating the impact of electrolyte composition (aqueous vs. gel) and sintering technique (oven vs. hotplate). Inspired by sustainable solar cell development as demonstrated by Domenici et al. (2025) and Galliano et al. (2020). The experimental process involved multi-step fabrication of the photoanode, which involved substrate cleaning, deposition of the block layer, deposition of mesoporous TiO₂ layer, treatment with TiCl₄, sensitization of the dye with D149 dye, and counter electrode preparation using platinum sputtering.