The urban environment is always perceived with a co-occurrence of visual settings, which may interact with auditory judgments. The use of bi-modal (i.e., visual and aural) experimental settings should lead to a better evaluation of the environment experience. This could be explored throughout controlled experimental conditions carried out in laboratory, where a unified artificial place from the superimposition of visual scenes and sound stimuli, can be recreated. Until now, in the sound-related researches, most of the investigated scenarios are focused on auditory stimuli, while vision is the accessory modality, even though it may influence the auditory judgments (Viollon et al., 2002).

This chapter addresses the effect of different soundscapes, with or without music stimuli, on the safety-related perception and the feeling of social presence in an urban open space through a laboratory study. The study area is a pedestrian passage under a noisy flyover in the University campus of Sheffield, which was the object of a previous research. The previous study, that was developed in situ, showed that different kinds of music could affect the duration of stay (Aletta et al., 2016). In this experiment, participants had firstly to judge the current environment presented through three-dimensional views and the traffic noise as background sound, which constituted the control condition (i.e., no music). Then, participants evaluated three more acoustic environments superimposed to the same views, which consisted of a quieter condition obtained from the reduction of traffic noise thanks to the positioning of a sound barrier along the noisy street, and in the addition of two music background excerpts to the traffic noise. The selected excerpts has been related to previous experience in 2015: subjects heard the more influencing track (classic music: Waltz of the Flowers) and the less influencing one (jazz music: Creole Jazz). The results of a statistical survey (ANOVA) showed that background music improved the safety-related perception and the social presence feeling. In detail, jazz music was the stimulus that reported higher scores in these evaluations.

***********************************************************

Ricerche nel campo del marketing e dell’economia hanno dimostrato che la musica può cambiare la percezione e l’intenzione umana in alcuni ambienti, come i ristoranti (Wilson, 2003) o i centri commerciali (Milliman, 1986). Inoltre si sta sviluppando un potenziale interesse per lo studio del suono nell’ambito delle scienze sociali e della pianificazione urbana nonché in quello del progetto degli spazi pubblici. Recenti analisi hanno esplorato la potenzialità del suono nel mitigare comportamenti di non rispetto delle norme sociali e nel migliorare l’uso degli spazi urbani (Lavia et al., 2016). In questi studi, la musica viene considerata uno strumento per implementare la percezione di sicurezza e la presenza umana in alcuni luoghi che rischiano di diventare abbandonati. La musica può aumentare l’attrattività di uno spazio ma soprattutto può diminuire la sensazione di un possibile pericolo all’interno di esso (Sayin et al., 2015).

L’ambiente urbano è sempre percepito attraverso un’interazione tra il sistema visivo e quello acustico. L’uso di entrambi i sensi (vista e udito) permette una migliore valutazione dell’ambiente circostante. Quest’ultima può essere analizzata attraverso condizioni sperimentali controllate in laboratorio, dove viene ricreato un ambiente fittizio caratterizzato da impulsi visivi e sonori. Fino ad adesso, nelle ricerche relative al suono, la maggior parte degli scenari riprodotti in laboratorio erano focalizzati sullo stimolo uditivo, mentre quello visivo era una percezione aggiuntiva, nonostante ciò quest’ultimo poteva influenzare la valutazione del suono (Viollon et al., 2002).

Questa tesi indaga, in laboratorio, gli effetti dei differenti soundscapes, caratterizzati dalla presenza o meno di stimoli musicali, sulla sensazione di sicurezza e sulla percezione di esser in compagnia di qualcuno (social presence) nella riproduzione di uno spazio urbano. L’area di studio è un passaggio pedonale sotto un trafficato cavalcavia all’interno del campus universitario di Sheffield, la stessa zona è stata oggetto di una precedente ricerca. Lo studio precedente, che è stato sviluppato in situ, dimostrava come i differenti generi musicali potessero avere un riscontro sul tempo trascorso dalle persone nell’area (Aletta et al., 2016). Invece, nell’esperimento oggetto di questa tesi, i partecipanti hanno dovuto valutare lo stato di fatto dell’area di studio presentato attraverso tre viste tridimensionali e il rumore del traffico come background. Dopo, i soggetti hanno valutato altre tre condizioni acustiche con la riproposizione delle stesse viste tridimensionali, le quali consistevano in una riduzione del traffico ottenuta attraverso il posizionamento di una barriera anti rumore lungo la strada trafficata, e inoltre, nell’aggiunta di due tracce musicali come background del rumore del traffico. I brani scelti erano alcuni di quelli usati nell’esperimento nel 2015 che erano risultati la traccia più influente (musica classica: il Waltz dei fiori) e la meno influente (musica jazz: Creole Jazz). I risultati dell’analisi statistica (ANOVA) hanno dimostrato che la musica implementava la percezione legata alla sicurezza e il sentimento relativo alla social presence. In particolare, la musica jazz è stato lo stimolo che ha riportato risultati più elevati nella percezione di queste sensazioni.

2.4 Soundscape reproduction

2.5 Music effects in environment evaluation

2.5.1 Music effects on in-store shopping behaviour

2.5.2 Music effects during the meal

2.5.3 Music effects in the restaurants

2.5.4 Music effects in safety perception

2.6 Music and visual effects in environment evaluation

2.7 Brighton and Hove Experiments

2.8 References chapter 2

Chapter 3-Sheffleld Concourse Bridge: the previous research

3.1 Research design

3.2 Material and Procedure

3.3 Participants

3.4 Results

References chapter 3

Chapter 4-Preliminary Analyses

4.1. General Acoustic Properties

4.1.1 Apparent Absorption Factor

4.1.2 Reverberation Time

4.1.3 Sound pressure level, Clarity, Definition, Sound Strength Parameter and Speech transmission index

4.1.4 Scattering coefficient

4.2 Area

4.3 Model

4.4 Meteorological conditions

4.5 Materials

4.6 Calibration

4.6.1 Odeon Simulation

4.6.2 Calibration process description

4.7 Binaural impulse in Odeon software

4.8 References chapter 4

Chapter 5-Brief lighting analysis

5.1 Light

5.2 Public lighting system

5.3 Components of public lighting

5.3.1 Lamps

5.3.2 Photometric curves

5.3.3 Lamp frames

5.4 Lighting in the Concourse Bridge area

5.5 Light insertion in the 3D model

5.6. References chapter 5

Chapter 6-Design

6.1 Acoustic design

6.2 Acoustic Barrier description

6.3 Urban greenery description

6.4 Insertion of Barrier in the Concourse Bridge area

6.4.1. Acoustic barrier properties

6.5 Calibration of the traffic component

6.6 Insertion of the acoustic barrier in the points of view.

6.7 References chapter 6

Chapter 7-Test

7.1 Sense of hearing

7.2 Sound and auditory sensation

7.3 Sources and receivers

7.4 Selected stimuli for test

7.5 Convolution of stimuli

7.6 Optimization of convoluted stimuli

7.7 Anechoic Room

7. 8. Test structure

7. 9. Equipment

7.10. Participants

7.11 Questionnaire

References chapter 7

8.1 Confidence intervals

8.2 ANOVA analysis

8.3 Discussion of results

8.4 Other considerations about the results

8.5 References chapter 8

Chapter 9-Conclusion

Appendix

Chapter 4-Appendix

Chapter 8-Appendix

Aletta, F., Lepore, F., Kostara-Konstantinou, E., Kang, J., & Astolfi, A. (2016). An Experimental Study on the Influence of Soundscapes on People’s Behaviour in an Open Public Space. Applied Sciences 6(10), 276.

Lavia, L., Witchel, H., Kang, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). A preliminary soundscape management model for added sound in public spaces to discourage anti-social and support pro-social effects on public behaviour. Proceedings of the 42nd DAGA Conference. Aachen.

Sayin, E., Krishna, A., Ardelet, C., Deere, G., & Goudey, A. (2015). “Sound and safe”: The effect of ambient sound on the perceived safety of public spaces. International journal of Research Marketing 32, 343-35

CHAPTER 1

E M., Bannister, S., Kang, J., Aletta, F., La., & Witchel, H. (2014). Urban Sound Planning in Br and Hove. KraLavia, L., Witchel, H., Kang, J., & Aletta, 16). A preliminary soundscape management model for adund inc spaces to discourage anti-social and suppo-social effects on public behaviour. DAGA. Aachen.n, E., a, A., Ardelet, C., Deere, G., & Goudey, A. . "Sound and safe": The effect of ambient sound on the ped safety of puclic spaces, international Journal of Research of Marketing 32, 343-353.

Schafer, R. (1977). The tuning of the world. Toronto: Me Clelland and Stewart.

Schafer, T., Huron, D., Shanahan, D., & Sedlmeier, P. (2015). The sound of safety: stress and danger in music perception. Frontiers in Psychology, article 1140.

CHAPTER 2

Aletta, F., Kang, J., & Axelsson, O. (2016). Soundscape descriptors and a conceptual framework for developing predective soundscape method. Landscape and Urban Planning 149, 65-74.

Andringa, T., Weber, M., Payne, S., Krijnders, J., Dixon, M., Linden, R., Lanser, J. (2013). Positioning soundscape research and management, journal of Acoustical Society of America 134, 2739-2747.

Axelsson, O., Nilsson, M., & Berglund, B. (2010). A principal components model of soundscape perception, journal of Acoustical Society of America 128, 2836-2846.

Bach, D., Neuhoff, J., Perrig, W., & Seifritz, E. (2009). Looming sounds as warning signals: The function of motion cues. International Journal of Psychophysiology 74, 28-33.

Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. (2003). Towards a more robust theory and measure of social presence. Presence 12, 456-480.

Bohme, G. (2000). Acoustic atmospheres: a contribution to the study of ecological aesthetics. Soundscape: The journal of Acoustic Ecology 1, 14-18.

Brown, A., & Muhar, A. (2004). An approach to the acoustic design of outdoor space. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 827-842.

Brown, A., Kang, J., & Gjestland, T. (2011). Towards standardization in soundscape preference assessment. Applied Acoustic 72, 387-392.

Burleson, G. (1971). Retailer and Consumer Attitudes Towards backgorund music. University of Texas El Pas: Department of Business Administration.

Cain R, J. P. (2013). The development and application of the emitional dimensions of soundscape. Applied Acoustics 74, 232-239.

Davies, W., Bruce, N., & Murphy, J. (2015). Soundscape Reproduction and Synthesis. Acta Acustica United with Acustica 100, 285-292.

Dubois, Gustavino, & Raimbault. (2006). A cognitive approach to urban soundscape. Acta Acustica United 92, 865-874.

Easteal, M., Bannister, S., Kang, J., Aletta, F., Lavia, L., & Witchel, H. (2014). Urban Sound Planning in Brighton and Hove. Forum Acousticum. Krakow.

Gustavino, C., Katz, B., Polack, J., Levitin, D., & Dubois, D. (2005). Ecological Valif Soundscape Reproduction. Acta Acustica Unith Acustica 91, 333-341.

Herranz-Pacual, K, Aspuru, I.rc (2010). Proposed Coal Model of EnviroExperience as Framework to Study the Soundscape. Inter noise. Lisbon.

Isan, A., Daubman, K., & Nowicki, G. (1987). Positive Affect Facilitates Creative Problem Solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psycho logy 52, 1122-1131.

ISO 12913-1,1- (2014, Settembre 1). Acoustic-Sounscape. Part 1: Definition and conceptual framework.

Krishna, A. (2010). Sensory marketing: Research of sensuality of products. New York : NY: Routledge.

Lavia, L., Easteal, M., Close, D., Witchel, H., Axelsson, O., Ware, M., & Dixon, M. (2012). Sounding Brighton: practical approaches towards better soundscape. Inter.noise. New York.

Lavia, L., Witchel, H., Kang, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). A preliminary soundscape management model for added sound in public spaces to discourage anti-social and support pro-social effects on pubblic behaviour. DAGA. Aachen.

Linsen, M. (1975). Like our music today, Mr. Shopper? Progressive Grocer 56,156.

Marks, E. (1987). On cross-modal similaraty: Auditory-visual Interactions in Speeded Discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology 16, 384-394.

Marry, S., & Defrance, J. (2013). Analysis of the perception and representation of sonic public spaces through. Applied Acoustics 74, 282-292.

McDermott, S., & Chu, C. (2016, Giungo). Tratto da www.acoustic.org: http://acoustic.org/pressroom/httpdocs/154th/mcdermott.html

Milliman, R. (1982). Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers. Journal of Marketing 46, 86-91.

Milliman, R. (1986). The influence of background music on the behavior of restaurant patrons. Journal of Consumer Research 13, 286-299.

Milliman, R. (1986). The Influence of Background Music on the Behavior of Restaurant Patrons. Journal of Consumer Research 13, 286-289.

North, A., & Hargreaves, D. (1996). The effects of music on response to a dining area . journal of environmental psychology 16, 55-64.

Payne, S., Davies, W., & Adams, M. (2009). Research into the praticalpolicy applications of soundscape concepts and techniques in Urban Areas. London: DEFRA Report NANR200.

Postma, B., & Katz, B. (2015). Creation and calibration method of acoustical models for historic virtual reality auralizations. Virtual reality 19, 161-180.

Ross, S. (1966). Background music system-Do they pay? Administrative Management journal 27, 34-37.

Sayin, E., Krishna, A., Ardelet, C., Deere, G., & Goudey, A. (2015). "Sound and safe":The effect of ambient sound on the perceived safety of public spaces. International Joumail of Research in Marketing 32, 343-353.

Schafer, R. (1977). The tuning of the world. Toronto: Me Clelland and Stewart.

Schafer, T., Huron, D., Shanahan, D., & Sedlmeier, P. (2015). The sounds of safety: stress and danger in music perception. Frontiers in Psychology 6, N° 1140.

Schulte-FortKamsp, B., & Kang, J. (2013). Introduction to the special issue on soundscapes. journal of Acustica society of Americal34, 765-766.

Smith, P., & Curnow, R. (1966). Arousal Hypotheses and the effects of music on purchasing behaviour. journal of Applied Psychology 50, 255-256.

Stafford, M., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2007). Association between fear of crime and mental health and psysical functioning. American journal of Publich Health 97, 285-289.

Stockfelt, T. (1991). Sound as an existential necessity. journal of sound and vibration, 367-370.

Stroebele, N., & de Castro, J. (2006). Listening to music while eating is related to increases in people's food intake and meal duration. Appetite 47, 285-289.

Sudarsono, A., Lam, Y., & Davies, W. (2016). The effect of sound level on perception of reproduced soundscapes. Applied Acoustics 110, 53-60.

Viollon, S., Lavandier, C., & Drake, C. (2002). Influence of visual setting on sound ratings in an urban environment. Applied Acousics 63, 493-511.

Walter, R. (1971). Piped-in Music is money to employers. Administrative management journal 32, 66.

Warr, M. (1990). Dangerous situation: Social context and fear of victimization. Social Forces 68, 891-907.

Wilson, S. (2003). The effects f music on peceived atmosphere and purchase intentions in a restaurant. Psycho logy of music 31, 92-112.

Witchel, H. (2010). You are What You Hear: How music and Territory Make Us Who We Are. New York: Algora Publishing.

Witchel, H., Lavia, L., Westling, C., Healy, A., Needham, R., & Chockalingam, N. (2013). Using body language for assessing the effects of soundscape quality on individuals. Brighton and Hove.

Yang, W., & Kang, J. (2005). Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open spaces. Applied Acoustics 66, 211- 229.

Yu, L., & Kang, J. (2008). Effects of social, demographical and behavioral factors on the sound level evaluation in urban open spaces. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 123, 772-783.

Zhang, M., & Kang, J. (2007). Towards the evaluation, description, and creation of soundscapes in urban open spaces. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design 34, 68-86.

CHAPTER 3

Aletta, F., Lepore, F., Kostara-Konstantinou, E., Kang, J., & Astolfi, A. (2016). An Experimental tudy on the Influence of Soundscapes on People's Behaviou in an Open Public Space . Applied Sciences, 276-287.

Association, A. M. (1956). Sound absorption coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. New York: Acoustical Material Assn.

Astolfi, A., Kang, J., Aletta, F., Lepore, F., & Kostara-Antinou, E. (2016). A preliminary investigation about the influence of soundscapes on people's behavior in an open public space. Inter.noise. Hamburg.

Balkwill, L., & Thompson, W. (1999). Across-cultural investigation of the perception of emotion in music: psychopsysical and cultural cues. Music Percept 17, 43-64.

Boris, (n.d.). Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software (BORIS) version 2.95. Retrieved from Avaible online:: http://www.boris.unito.it

Ciullo, P., Astolfi, A., Kang, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). Soundscape and behavioural effects of Introduced Music in the Acoustic Environment: a Yield Experiment. Torino: Politecnico di Torino.

FeildengCleggBradley, AssociatesGrant, & Aecom. (2016, luglio 18). University of Sheffield. Retrieved from www.sheffield.ac.uk: //www.sheffield.ac.uk/campusmasterplan

Witchel, H., Lavia, L., Westling, C., Healy, A., Needham, R., & Chockalingam, N. (2013). Using body language indicators for assessing the effects of soundscape quality on Individuals. Brighton .

Yang, M., & Kang, J. (2013). Applicability and application of music features in soundscape . Sheffield.

Yang, W., & Kang, J. (2005). Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open. Applied Acoustics 66, 211-229.

Yang, W., & Kang, J. (2005). Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open publich spaces . Applied Acoustic 66, 211-229.

CHAPTER 4

Beranek, L. (1996). Concert and Opera Halls: How they sound. New York: Acoustical society of America.

Bettarello, F., & Caniato, M. (2013). Acustica Edilizia. Firenze: Altralinea.

Bianchi, F., & Carratu, R. (2007). Uacustica in Architettura. Novara: CittaStudi.

Christensen, C. (2015). Odeon room acoustic program 13.1-manual. Denmark: Scion DTU.

Christensen, C., & Koutsouris, G. (2015). Odeon users' manual. Kongens Lyngby: Odeon software.

Codegone, C. (1969). Cor so di Fisica Tecnica, Volume V, Acustica Architettonica. Torino: Dr. Ing. V. Giorgio.

Dance, S., & Shield, B. (1995). An image-source method for modelling sound in arbitrary enclosed spaces. Transactions on the Built Environment 10, 197-204.

FeildenCleggBradleyStudios, GrantAsssociates, & AECOM. (2014). The university of Sheffiled, masterplan 2014. Sheffield.

Ondet, A., & Barbry, J. (1989). Modelling of sound propagation in fitted workshop using ray racing. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 85, 787-796.

Pascali, M. (2009). Acustiva Ambiente Estemo. Palermo: Grafill.

Postma, B., & Katz, B. (2015). Creation and calibration method of acoustical models for historic virtual reality auralizations. Virtual Reality, 161-180.

Shtrepi, L., Astolfi, A., Pelzer, S., Vitale, R., & Rychtarikova, M. (2015). Objective and perceptual assessment of the scattered sound field in a simulated concert hall. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 1485-1497.

Volander, M. (2012). Computer simulations in room acoustics: Concepts. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 1203-1213.

Vorlander, M. (2008). Auralization Fundamentals of Acoustics, Modelling Simulation, Algorithms and Acoustic virtual reality. Berlin: Springer.

CHAPTER 5

Bonomo, M. (2006). Guida alla progettatone dell'illuminatone stradale e urbana. Roma: Mancosu.

De Ponte, S. (1996). Architetture di luce. Luminoso e sublime notturno nelle discipline progettuali e di produrne estítica. Roma: Gangemi Editore.

Disano, I. (2016, luglio/agosto). Tratto da www.disano.it: http://www.disano.it/it/servizi/software-curve-fotometriche/curve-fotometriche

Forcolini, G. (2004). Ughting: lampade, apparecchi, impianti: progettatone per ambienti interni ed esterni. Milano: Hoepli.

Gaia, L., & Carrescia, V. (2013). Impianti a norme CEI : Voi. 6, illuminatone esterna. Torino: TNE.

Pailadino, P. (1993). Illuminatone architettonica in eserno. Milano: Tecniche Nuove.

CHAPTER 6

(2016, october 11). Retrieved from iminds.be: http://www.iminds.be/en/projects/hosanna

Bradley, S. F., Grant, A., & AECOM. (2015). The University of Sheffield Masterplan 2014.

Can, A., Leclerq, L., Lelong, J., & Botteldooren, D. (2010). Traffic noise spectrum anlysis: dynamic modeling vs. experimental observations. Applied Acoustics 71, 764-770.

Elia, G., & Geppetti, G. (1997). Progettazione acustica di edifici civili e industriali. Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.

Kang, J. (2015). The use of vegetation for noise control. Rivista italiana di Acustica 39, 42-50.

Kotzen, B., & English, C. (1999). Environmental noise barriers: a guide to their acoustic and visual design. London: E & FN Spon.

Salsi, E. (2016, ottobre 20).pc.farina.eng.umpr.it. Retrieved from Angelo Farina's personal home page: http://pcfarina.eng.unipr.it/Public/CorsoCSPMI/08%20Barriere%20antirumore.doc

Smyrnova, Y., Kang, J., Hornikx, M., & Forssen, J. (2012). Effect of vegetation on noise propagation in streets and squares. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics.

Van Renterghem, T., Hornikx, M., Forssen, J., & Botteldooren, D. (2013). The potential of building envelope greening to achieve quietness. Building and Environment 61, 34-44.

Yang, H., Kang, J., & Cheal, C. (2013). Random-incidence Absorption and Scattering coefficients of Vegetation. Acta Acustica United with Acustica, 379-388.

CHAPTER 7

Aletta, F., Kang, J., & Axelsson, O. (2016). Soundscapes descriptors and conceptual framework for developing predictive soundscape models. Landscape and Ubran Planning 149, 65-74.

Aletta, F., Lepore, I7., Kostara-Konstantinou, E., Kang, J., & Astolfi, A. (2016). An Experimental Study on the Influence of Soundsapes on People's Behaviuour in Open Public Space, applied sciences, 276- 287.

Beranek, L., & Sleeper, J. (1946). The Design and Constructiono of Anechoic sound Chamber. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 18, 140-150.

Berlincioni, A. (1958). Acustica Edilizia. Torino: Centro Acustico Nazionale.

Bianchi, F., & Carratu, R. (2007). Uacustica in Architettura. Novara: CittaStudi.

Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, j. (2003). Towards a more robust theory and measure of social presence: review and suggested criteria . Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments, 456-480.

Bonfiglio, P., & Pompoli, F. (2013). Numerical methodologies for optimizing and predicting the low frequency behvior of anechoic chambers. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 285-291.

Christensen, C., & Koutsouris, G. (2015). Odeon users' manual Kongens Lyngby: Odeon software.

Codegone, C. (1969). Corso diFisica Tecnica Volume VAcustica Architettonica. Torino: Dr. Ing. V. Giorgio.

Donaldson, E., Free, W., Robertson, D., & Woody, J. (1978). Field Measurements Made in an Enclosure. Proceedings of the ISEE 66, 464-472.

Fasti, H., & Zwicker, E. (2007). Psjcoacousticfact and model, Berlin: Springer, pp. 239-269.

Fletcher, H., & Munson, W. (1933). Loudness, its definition, measurement nd calculation. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 5, 82-108.

Genelec, S. (2016, October 15). www.genelec.com. Retrieved from http://www.genelec.com/simulation-data

Hardy, H., Tyzzer, F., & Hall, H. (1947). Performance of the Anechoic Room of the Parmly Sound Laboratory, journal of Acoustical Society of America, 992-995.

Lavia, L., Witchel, H., Kang, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). A preliminary soundscape management model for added sound in public spaces to discourage anti-social and support pro-social effects on public behaviour. DAGA. Aachen.

Mills, P. (1947). Construction and Design of Parmly Sound Laboratory and Anechoic Chamber. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 19, 988-992.

Ricciardi, P. (2011). Elementi di Acustica e llluminotecnica. Milano: McGraw-Hill.

Sayin, E., Krishna, A., Ardelet, C., Decré, G., & Goudey, A. (2015). "Sound and safe": the effect of

ambient sound on the perceived safety of public spaces. International Journal of Research in Marketing 32, 343-353.

orlander, M. (2008). Auralization Fundamentals of Acoustics, Modelling Simulation, Algorithms and Acoustic virtual reality. Berlin: Springer.

Aletta, F., Lepore, F., Kostara-Konstantinou, E., Kang, J., & Astolfi, A. (2016). An experimental study on the Influence of Soundscapes on People's behaviour in an Open Public Space. Applied Sciences, 267-276.

Lavia, L., Witchel, H., Kang, J., & Aletta, F. (2016). A preliminary soundscape management model for added sound in public spaces to discourage anti-social and support pro-social effects on public behaviour. DAGA. Aachen.

Sayin, E., Krishna, A., Aardelet, C., Deere, G., & Goudey, A. (2015). "Sound and safe": The effect of ambient music on the perceived safety of public spaces. International Journal of Research in Marketing ,32, 343-353.

Witchel, H. (2010). You are What you hear. How music and Territory Make us Who we are. Algora Publishing