Marco Crisologo
Energy-Efficiency Framework and Optimization of a Floating-Point Unit for HPC-oriented Architectures.
Rel. Maurizio Martina. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Ingegneria Elettronica (Electronic Engineering), 2026
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Abstract
As High-Performance Computing (HPC) advances towards the Exascale and Zettascale eras, energy efficiency has become a primary design objective. Relying only on transistor scaling to target peak performance is no longer sufficient. Higher clock frequencies correlates directly with higher dynamic power consumption, while operating voltage cannot be lowered without compromising performance target. This necessitates architectural optimizations to maximize Performance per Watt. In modern processors, especially in HPC system, the Floating-Point Unit (FPU) is the most common functional block. An analysis of the standard reference architecture of the Fused Multiply-Add (FMA) module, a critical component of the FPU, shows a clear inefficiency.
Most designs use an "Unified Datapath" that forces specific instructions such as basic additions or multiplications to pass through the entire complex datapath, resulting in wasted energy
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