Elisabetta Furlan
Three-dimensional quantification and assessment of facial asymmetry in patients undertaking maxillofacial surgeries.
Rel. Federica Marcolin, Elena Carlotta Olivetti. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Ingegneria Biomedica, 2025
Abstract
Facial asymmetry is defined as a clinically significant variation between the two halves of the face, perceived as an imbalance relative to a central midline axis. While perfect bilateral symmetry is rarely achieved, mild asymmetry is common. However, pronounced asymmetry can significantly affect facial and smile esthetics, leading to complications such as malocclusion, altered temporomandibular joint function, and psychosocial well-being. Therefore, thorough evaluation and precise treatment planning are crucial for optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes. In literature, various 2D and 3D methodologies are employed for facial asymmetry analysis and quantification. Various 2D imaging techniques, including posterior-anterior cephalograms, panoramic radiographs, and digital photography, have historically been used to quantify facial asymmetry through metrics like the Asymmetry Index (AI), Z-score, Facial Asymmetry (FA), along with angular and area assessments.
Three-dimensional techniques, such as Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), stereophotogrammetry and 3D scanners offer enhanced accuracy
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