Securing a sustainable and robust supply of critical raw materials (CRMs) is a top issue for the European Union's green and digital transformations. Within this context, Italy's position requires a renewed focus in order to fully contribute to the EU's resource security aims. This thesis provides a complete assessment of Italy's present CRM extraction, processing, and recycling capabilities, highlighting its industrial strengths, existing shortcomings, and prospects for expansion. Using an integrated research approach that includes a literature review, benchmarking, case studies, and quantitative analysis, the study looks into how engineering management techniques like Lean Mining, Six Sigma, and Agile Procurement,as well as digital technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and Industry 4.0 solutions, can improve supply chain efficiency, traceability, and sustainability.