This thesis investigates the evolution and current practices of quality control, emphasizing both traditional methods and modern advancements facilitated by Industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence (AI). The introductory chapter provides a comprehensive overview of quality, tracing its historical development and examining key methodologies such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma, and various statistical tools. The chapter further covers statistical inference in quality control, discussing sampling methods, hypothesis testing, Statistical Process Control (SPC), and control charts. It also reviews the ISO 9000 family of standards, focusing on ISO 9001:2015 and its global diffusion. It concludes by identifying the criticalities and limitations of traditional quality control procedures.