Neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), present significant challenges to global health due to their debilitating effects and the growing prevalence in ageing populations. These conditions are closely linked to an imbalance expression in the microglia phenotypes and an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative stress and subsequent neuronal damage. Due to their high reactivity, ROS can interact with various intracellular macromolecules, compromising their structure and leading to serious impairment of cellular functions. In this regard, microglia, immune cells of the central nervous system, can exhibit pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, playing a central role as inflammatory mediators.