The building sector accounts for up to 40% of the global energy demand and contributes 15 to 33% of greenhouse gas emissions globally, while HVAC systems comprise almost half of the buildings’ energy consumption and 10–20% of total energy consumption. Furthermore, it is estimated that HVAC systems could increase the consumption of these sectors by 15% ~ 30%. Ensuring fault-free operation of HVAC systems is difficult due to the complexity of the systems, complex interactions between HVAC systems, buildings and occupants, lack of proper maintenance, failure of components, or incorrect installation. In this context, Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) approaches allow for the identification of faults or anomalous operational patterns in HVAC system components and the diagnosis of their root causes.