The construction of tunnels has been instrumental in advancing infrastructure and improving transportation and communication systems. However, the stability of the excavation face presents a significant challenge in tunnel excavation. The excavation face, which separates the rock or soil mass from the tunnel support structure, is crucial for ensuring the safety and durability of the tunnel, particularly as tunnel depths increase. Numerical modelling plays a crucial role in assessing and predicting tunnel face stability. By simulating the complex interactions between the excavation face, surrounding rock or soil, and support systems, numerical models provide valuable insights into the behaviour and stability of the tunnel face.