All the major Space-Powers are looking back again at the exploration of the Moon, this time “to stay”. Driven by scientific, geopolitical and economic purposes, the -still today- totally unexplored Moon South Pole is set as the preferred target region where to land. Being rich of water-ice (permafrost), this region results to be the most attractive for the development of stable human settlements. Through also the involvement of space private companies, the race is on! Through the European Space Agency (ESA), Europe wants to play a key role in such a fascinating and challenging rush. Never been on the Moon, Europe is now going to put its best efforts on the so-called Argonaut program, representing the European answer to the new Moon call.