In recent years, the rapid advancement of point-of-care (POC) and wearable/implantable devices has brought about significant transformations in healthcare delivery. These innovative technologies provide real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment capabilities, thereby enhancing patient care, improving disease management, and reducing healthcare costs. Within this context, carbon sensors have emerged as promising tools due to their high electron mobility, excellent thermal conductivity, and large surface area. Among them, nano-graphitic (NG) carbon sensors have demonstrated success in constructing densely packed arrays of miniaturized electrochemical sensors at the micron-scale level, exhibiting exceptional performance in detecting low concentrations of bio-analytes. The aim of this work is divided in two.