Nowadays, the economic development is still heavily dependent on raw materials extraction: future trends predict that the extraction of mineral resources will increase in the next decades, also due to the increase in the global population and to the transition towards clean energy. Lithium is one of the critical minerals in the energy transition, because fundamental for electric cars lithium-ion batteries. Its demand is expected to soar in a sustainable scenario that wants the global temperature rising to stay below 2°C with respect to the pre-industrial levels. The aim of this study is to show the important role of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) to study lithium mining and its supply chain, underlining the need to use geospatial data and tools to quantify the carbon emissions of transportation and the environmental impacts of mining activity on the land use.