Produced water represents the largest waste effluent generated in the oil and gas industry. As a wastewater volume which can carry a wide variety of pollutants (such as oil, suspended solids, chemicals, and radioactive matter), a proper management and disposal strategy is required, in order for operators to comply with environmental regulations applicable. In recent years, most of the world has begun efforts to transition into greener energy generation, which has resulted in stricter regulation in terms of waste effluents. As a necessary response, research has arisen to propose, test and assess new treatment technologies that allow operations to comply with effluent limits, especially for volumes that cannot be treated by conventional methods only, due to high salinities, water hardness, or high percentage of dissolved organics.