We analyse the impacts of a carbon tax regime on the Italian economy and the evolution of the Italian electricity system toward carbon neutrality by 2050. In order to frame the problem, first we address the climate change issue and its link to the production of energy (i.e. the electricity industry). We review how Italy decided to tackle this issue and how it compares with Europe's objectives. In so doing, we report the various carbon pricing instruments available to the policy makers with quotes on what previous experiences have taught us. After this overview, we introduce the different energy models frameworks adopted in support of the scope of the research.