From Zero Energy and Emission Building toward Zero Energy and Emission District : enlarging the scale to achieve a low carbon future

Martina Bertoncini

From Zero Energy and Emission Building toward Zero Energy and Emission District : enlarging the scale to achieve a low carbon future.

Rel. Stefano Paolo Corgnati, Cristina Bottero, Cristina Becchio, Per Heiselberg. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città, 2017

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Abstract:	ABSTRACT The increase in energy exploitation and air pollution have forced the European Union to deal with energy saving and C02 emission reduction in all economic sectors. With specific reference to buildings, the recast of the European Directive EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive) has introduced the concept of nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) as building with very high energy performances and able to cover the residual energy demand with renewable energy sources installed on-site or nearby the building. According to EPBD recast, all new buildings will be nearly-zero by the end of 2020. Nevertheless, new 2050 targets, defined by COP 21 achievements, are related to emissions reduction. In fact, the recent strategy of the European Union called "Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050" recommends a cut in the greenhouse emissions by 80 % by 2050 (compared with 1990 levels) and, in particular, a 90% reduction in emissions generated by building sector. With this new perspective, the nZEB concept could be not sufficient for reaching the new goals and it is important to design and refurbish buildings as Post-Carbon Buildings (PCB). PCB is represented by a building where the minimum energy performance is in line with national standard requirements but a great reduction of carbon emissions is expected. However, it has been noted that focusing the attention only on buildings, considering each separately and analyzing the problem at single house level, is not sufficient to reduce the C02 emissions in the percentages established by COP 21 standards. For this reason, the EU has recommended to enlarge the content of the analysis promoting the concept of Post-Carbon City (PCC). PPC is defined as a city characterized by low-energy and low-emissions buildings provided with intelligent heating and cooling systems, electric and hybrid cars and better public trans-port. Moreover, when dealing with district scale and urban polices, it is also important including in the analysis aspects not strictly related to environmental impacts, but concerned social and economic sectors, such as the number of jobs created by the energy investments, the economic savings in energy bills, the people opinion upon different retrofit solutions, and so on. Following these considerations, the thesis aims at exploring the carbon reduction potential of an existing district and the use of Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) supporting the selection of energy retrofit strategies. In particular, the analysis is applied to an urban district located in the city of Turin (Northern Italy), which is composed of different residential apartment blocks built in different times. Starting from the existing buildings, different energy efficiency minimum requirement as imposed by Italian regulation and carbon reduction are combined for creating alternative strategies for the energy retrofit of the district. To do this, a dynamic simulation software (DesignBuilder) is used in order to obtain more precise results. Then, those strategies are evaluated using the PROMETHEE method (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations) and a MCDA is applied. In particular, a family of environmental, social, technical and economic criteria has been defined with the aim of assessing the alternatives options and to select the best performing solution for the district under investigation. Moreover, the thesis comprehends a comparison be-tween Mediterranean and Nordic climate studying the influence of the local climate upon similar technical solutions, investigating their efficiency in two existing district case studies, settled in Northern Italy and in Denmark.
Relatori:	Stefano Paolo Corgnati, Cristina Bottero, Cristina Becchio, Per Heiselberg
Tipo di pubblicazione:	A stampa
Soggetti:	S Scienze e Scienze Applicate > SH Fisica tecnica U Urbanistica > UK Pianificazione urbana
Corso di laurea:	Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città
Classe di laurea:	Nuovo ordinamento > Laurea magistrale > LM-04 - ARCHITETTURA E INGEGNERIA EDILE-ARCHITETTURA
Aziende collaboratrici:	NON SPECIFICATO
URI:	http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/6142
Capitoli:	0 INTRODUCTION 0.1 Objective and methodology 0.2 Structure of the thesis 1 Analysis background - International standard framework 1.1 European standards background 1.2 Nearly Zero Energy Buiding 1.3 Zero Carbon Building 1.4 Italian Standards 1.5 Danish Standards 2 Cost optimal methodology 2.1 Calculation methodology 2.2Global cost graph 2.3 Cost optimal methodology applied to Case Studies 3 Zero Energy and Emissions Building 3.1 Energy boundaries 3.2 Emissions boundaries 3.3 Remaining carbon emissions reduction 4 Zero Energy and Emissions District 4.1 From Zero Carbon Building to Zero Carbon District 4.2 Italian case studies 4.3 The Danish approach 4.4 Other European case studies 4.5 Zero Energy and Emissions District 5 Multicriteria Decision Analysis 5.1 Criteria selection 5.2 Simon's method 5.3 Visual PROMETHEE 5.4 MCDA applied to the case study 6 The Italian case study - The Reference Building 6.1 The Reference Building: State of art 6.2 The Reference Building: DesignBuilding modelling 6.3 The Reference Building: Energy performances 7 Energy Efficiency Measures 7.1 Acting on the envelope 7.2 Acting on the system 7.3 Acting on electric appliances and lighting ... 7.4 Producing energy on-site: Renewable Energy Sources 7.5 Packages of retrofit measures 7.6 Packages evaluation under ZEEB definition .. 8 Global cost Analysis 8.1 Investment cost 8.2 Maintenance cost 8.3 Energy cost 8.4 Environmental cost 8.5 Replacement cost 8.6 Residual value 8.7 Global cost 8.8 Cost Optimal 8.9 Sensitivity analysis 9 Zero Energy and Emissions District in Turin 9.1 The Reference District: State of art 9.2 The Reference District: EnergyPLAN modelling 9.3 The Reference District: Simulation's results 9.4 District's energy refurbishment 10 Cots' definition of district retrofit alternatives 10.1 Investment cost 10.2 Maintenance cost 10.3 Energy cost 10.4 Environmental cost 10.5 Replacement cost and residual value 10.6 Global cost 11 Multicriteria analysis for ZEED evaluation 11.1 Criteria definitions 11.2 Weights assessment 11.3 Alternatives' evaluation 11.4 Multicriteria analysis results 11.5 Sensitivity analysis 12 The Danish case study - The Reference Building 12.1 The Reference Building: State of art 12.2 The Reference Building: DesignBuilding modelling 12.3 The Reference Building: Energy performances 13 Danish energy retrofit 13.1 The new retrofit project 13.2 Acting on the envelope 13.3 Acting on the system 13.4 Acting on lighting 13.5 Producing energy on-site: Renewable Energy Sources 13.6 Packages of retrofit measures 13.7 Packages evaluation under ZEEB definition 14 Zero Energy and Emissions District in Aalborg 14.1 The Reference District: State of art 14.2 The Reference District: EnergyPLAN modelling 14.3 The Reference District: Simulation's results 14.4 District's energy refurbishment 15 Conclusions 15.1 Italian case study results 15.2 Danish case study results 15.3 Comparison of results under different climates 15.4 Future developments ACRONYMIS BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX Annex 1. Calculation of lighting normalized power density for Italy Annex 2. Packages in details (Italy) Annex 3. Retrofit alternatives in details (Italy).... Annex 4. Calculation of new green areas' investment cost Annex 5. Calculation of lighting normalized power density for Denamark Annex 6. Packages in details (Denmark) Annex 7. Retrofit alternatives in details (Denmark)
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