Development of a decarbonization framework at the industrial level

This thesis examines the decarbonization strategies implemented by nearly 200 Italian companies that published a Non-Financial Declaration (DNF) in 2022, with the aim of identifying the initiatives adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and understanding how structural variables (sector, company size, and revenue) influence these choices. The study is situated within the broader context of sustainability and ESG principles, analyzing how both European and Italian regulatory frameworks—such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR)—have shaped companies’ transition toward lower environmental impact. The research begins by contextualizing decarbonization, outlining the historical shift from high-carbon fossil fuels to lower-carbon energy sources, and emphasizing the critical role of the industrial sector in global emissions. It then explores ESG principles, highlighting reporting frameworks such as GRI, SASB, and TCFD, which enable companies to integrate sustainability into their strategies and transparently communicate environmental, social, and governance performance. Methodologically, the study compiles data from DNFs, supplemented by financial and organizational information, and classifies companies into 23 industry sectors and five macro groups based on workforce size. Particular attention is given to the analysis of direct (Scope 1) emissions, chosen for their robustness and comparability across firms. The decarbonization strategies are categorized into seven areas: carbon management, circular economy and resource efficiency, energy technology and efficiency, process optimization, research and development, renewable energy transition, and sustainable mobility. In conclusion, the thesis contributes valuable insights to the discourse on industrial sustainability by highlighting both opportunities and challenges in the decarbonization process. It offers actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and sustainability professionals aiming to advance a low-carbon economy, underscoring the need for an integrated approach that combines technological innovation, regulatory adaptation, and strategic commitment.