A transition from the Earth's gravity to the extraterrestrial microgravity environment causes direct and significant changes to human cardiovascular hemodynamics. Due to the absence of the gravitational pull, a redistribution of body fluids occurs between the upper and lower body. The fluid shift is linked with several changes in cardiovascular functions, for example, reductions in arterial pressure, variations in vascular volumes, and remodeling of carotid baroreflex system. The study of all these challenges related to the manned spaceflight brought to the development of new scientific disciplines known as space medicine and bioastronautics. The main objective of such branches of life sciences is the development of procedures and countermeasures in order to ensure human survival and well-being during and after missions into space.