The great Pittsburgh and steel towns : la città d'acciaio nel XIX secolo

INTRODUZIONE

1. URBAN-INDUSTRIAL AMERICA _1830/1860

1.1. INNOVAZIONI TECNOLOGICHE E L’ERA DELL’ACCIAIO

1.2. CITTÀ E VIE DI COMUNICAZIONE

1.2.1. Il sistema fluviale e le fabbriche

1.2.2. Le ferrovie e l’espansione della città

1.2. LA «GREATPITTSBURGH» EI GIACIMENTI MINERARI

1.3. GLI ANNI PRECEDENTI ALLA GUERRA CIVILE AMERICANA (1861-1865)

2. L’URBANISTICA NEGLI STATI UNITI TRA IL LMSSER FAIR E IL PLANNING _1860/1923

2.1. IL BOSS/SMO E / TENTATIVI DI PIANIFICAZIONE A PITTSBURGH

2.1.1. Magee e Bigelow (1879-1900)

2.1.2. Il «park movement» e il «city beautiful movement»

2.2. GUTHRIE EI RIFORMISTI (1906-1909)

2.3. OLMSTED E IL PIANO PER DOWNTOWN DEL 1910

2.4. PIANIFICAZIONE NEL XX SECOLO

2.4.1. Sviluppo metropolitano e i «suburbs»

3. DALLA FABBRICA ALLA CITTA’

3.1. LE «STEEL TOWNS» NEL DISTRETTO DI PITTSBURGH

3.2. ANDREW CARNEGIE E LA UNITED STATES STEEL COMPANY (1865-)

3.2.1. Braddock

3.2.2. Homestead

3.2.3. Duquesne

3.3. JONES & LAUGHUN STEEL COMPANY(1859-1984)

3.3.1. South Side

3.3.2. Aliquippa Works

CONCLUSIONE

BIBLIOGRAFIA

_ 1927, M. Sioli (a cura di), Metropoli e natura sulle frontiere americane. Dalle non-città indiane alla città di Thoreau, dalle metropoli industriali alla città ecologica, Franco Angeli,Storia Urbana, Milano;

_ 1969, A. B. Callow Jr, American Urban History. An interpretative reader with commentaries, Oxford University Press, University of California, Santa Barbara;

_ 1973, M. Tafuri, La montagna disincantata, in G. Ciucci, La città americana: dalla guerra civile al New Deal, Laterza, Roma;

_ 1974, A. Llyod, Pittsburgh 1923zoning Ordinance, Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, n°57, July;

_ 1974, B. J. Sauer, A political process of urban growth: Consolidation of the South Side with the City of Pittsburgh, 1872, Pennsylvania History, Vol. 41, n° 3 (July 1974)

_ 1975, P.L. Crosta, L’urbanistica del riformismo, USA 1890-1940\ Mazzotta, Milano;

_ 1976, E.K. Muller, SocietySeiective Urban Growth in the Middle Ohio Valley, 1800-1860 Geographical Review, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 178-199; _ 1977, E.K. Muller, Regional urbanization and the selective growth of towns in North American regions, Journal of Historical Geography,3,1 (1977) 21 -39 _ 1981, P. Sica, Storia dell’Urbanistica, l’Ottocento, Vol. Il, Laterza, Bari;

_ 1982, C. Zaitzevsky, Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park system, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England;

1983, M. C. Boyer, Dreaming the Ration City. The Myth of American City Planning, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston;

_ 1988, Remaking the Monongahela Valley, a cura di Regional/Urban Design Assistance Team, a service of the American Institute of Architects, March 1988;

1989, E.K. Muller, The Legacy of Industrial Riversa Pittsburgh History, A Magazine of the City and Its Region, Summer 1989 Volume 72, Number 2, p. 64;

1995, B. Pace, Città d’acciao. Ascesa e caduta di Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in «Acoma» n°5, p.p. 85-89, Editori Internazionali;

-2006, John F. Bauman e Edward K. Muller, Before renaissance. Planning in Pitsburgh, 1889-1943, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 2008, J.F. McDonald, Urban America. Growth crisis and re birth, M. E. Sharpe, New York;

_ 2012, T.M. Collins, E. K. Muller e J. A. Tarr, Pittsburgh’s Three Rivers: From Industrial Infrastructure to Environmental Asset, in R. A. Mohl e R.Biles, The

Making of Urban America, Rowman&LittlefieldPublisher, Inc., Lanham, Maryland;

_ 1878, G. H. Thurson, Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the centennial year, A.A. Anderson&son, Pittsburgh;

_ 1889, T. Cushing, History of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Including its Early Settlement and Progress to the Present Time, VOLUME 2 PART 1, A.

Warner and Co., Chicago;

_ 1906, Sarah H. Killikelly, The History of Pittsburgh. It’s rise and progress, B.C.&Gordon Montogomery Co., Pittsburgh, Pa;

_ 1937, L.D. Baldwin, Pittsburgh: the story of a city, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1967, S. J.Buck e E.H. Buck, The planting of civilization in western Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1976, M. Klein and H. A. Kantor, Prisoners of Progress: American Industrial Cities 1850-1920, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York;

_ 1984, F.G. Couvares, The remaking of Pittsburgh. Class and culture in an Industrializing city 1877-1919, State University of New York Press, Albany NY;

_ 1986, F. Toker, Pittsburgh. An urban portrait, The Pennsylvania State University Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1989, S. P. Hays, City at the Point. Essay on the Social History of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1999, A. Parker, The Monongahela. River of dreams, river of sweat, The Pennsylvania State Univesity Press, University Park, Pennsylvania;

_2001, E.K. Muller, Industrial suburbs and the growth of metropolitan Pittsburgh, 1870-1920, Journal of Historical Geography, 27, 1 (2001) pp.58-73, _2003, J.A. Taar, Devastation and Renewal. An enviromental History ofPittsburgh and its region, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 2005, W.C. Kidney, Images of America: Oakland, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston SC, Chicago IL, Portsmouth NH, San Francisco CA;

_ 2006, M. Aurand, The Spectator and the Topographical City, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_2009, B. Regan, The Names of Pittsburgh. How the city, neighborhood, streets, parks and more got their names, The Local History Company, Pittsburgh; _ 2009, F. Toker, Pittsburgh. A new Portrait, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ R. Stryker e M. Seidenberg, A Pittsburgh Album 1758-1958, Two Hundred years of memories in pictures and text,

_ Walter C. Kidney, Pittsburgh: a study in urban Identity, Progressive Architecture 49,n°3 march 1968;

_ 1893, A. G. Burgoyne, Homestead, Press of Whashington Engraving and Printing Co.,Pittsburgh;

_ 1917, G. H. Lamb, The unwritten history of Braddock’s Field, prepared by History Committee for the celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Braddock,

_ 1974, M.F. Byington, Homestead: the household of a mill town, Paul Underwood Kellogg, Pittsburgh;

_ 1979, K. Cowles, The industrialization of Duquesne and the circulation of Elites, 1891-1933, The Western Pennsylvania HistoricalMagazine, Vol. 62, January 1979, n°1

_ 1989, S.J. Kleinberg, The shadow of the Mills: working class families in Pittsburgh 1870-1907, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittrburgh;

_ 1989, C. Miner, Homestead. The story of a steel town, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;

_ 1991, W. Keyes con il contributo di T. Necciai, B. Butko,C. Stremple e C. Stanny, Historic site survey of the greater Monongahela River Valley, Hi¬storical Society of Western Pnnsylvania, Pittsburgh,

_ 1992, D.P. Demarest Jr, The river ran red, Homestead 1892, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1992, J.S.Garner, The Company Town. Architecture and society in the early industrial Age, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford;

_ 1992, P. Krause, The battle for Homestead 1880-1892, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1992, W. Serrin, Homestead. The Glory and tragedy of an American Steel Town, Times Book Random House, New York

_ 1998, J. Modell, A town without steel, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 2007, K.B. Metheny, From the Miner’s Doublehouse: Archeology and landscape in a Pennsylvania Coal Company Town, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville;

_ 1903, J. H. Bridge, The Inside History of Carnegie Steel Company. A romance of Millions, The Aldine Book Company, New York;

_ 1916, A. Cotter, The Authentic History of the United States Steel Corporation, The Moody Magazine and Book Company, New York;

_ 1928, L. White, The Iron and the Steel Industry of the Pittsburgh [District], Economical Geography, Vol.4,N° 2 (Apr., 1928), Clark University;

_ 1968, Paul Baran e Paul Sweezy, H Capitate Monopolistico, saggio sulla struttura economica e sociale americana, Einaudi Editore,Torino;

_ 1988, J. P. Hoerr, And the wolf finally came. The decline of the American Steel Industry, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1989-90, U.S. Steel Edgar Thomson Works, Historic American Engineering Record,HAER N° PA-384, National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.;

_ 1988, K. Warren, T he American Steel Industry, 1850-1970, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh;

_ 1995, Mark. M. Brown (dissertation), The Architecture ofSteel: Site Planning and Building Type in the Nineteenth-Century American Bessemer Steel Industry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh;

_ 1999, R.B. Vukmir, The Mill, University Press of America, Lanham, Maryland;

_ 1999, H. Wollman and Donald R. Inman, Portraits in steel: an illustrated history of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, & London;

_ 2001, J. Rose, Duquesne and the rise of steel unionism, University of Illinois, Urbana and Chicago;

_ U.S. Steel Edgar Thomson Works, Historic American Engineering Record,HAER N° PA-384, National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C

Advisory Counsil on Historic Preservation_www.achp.gov_data ultima consultazione 12/08/2013

Braddock Borough Municipality_http://braddockboro.com_17/11/2013

Brookline Collection_ www.brooklineconnection.com_data ultima consultazione 8/12/2013

Carnegie Mellon University Libraries_ http://search.library.cmu.edu_data utlima consultazione 18/11/2013

City of Pittsburgh_www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us_data ultima consultazione 06/12/2013

ExplorePA History_www.explorepahistory.com data ultima consultazione 03/12/2013

Harvard College Library _http://hcl.harvard.edu_ data ultima consultazione 07/12/2013

JStor_www.jstor.org/ data ultima consultazione 24/11/2013

Library Of Congress_www.loc.gov_data ultima consultazione 30/11/2013

Mifflin Township_http://mifflintownship.org_data ultima consultazione 09/11/2013

Old Rail History_http://oldrailhistory.com_data ultima consultazione 30/11/2013

Rivers of SteeLNational Heritage Area_http://www.riversofsteel.com_3/09/2013

Silogic System_http://www.silogic.com_data ultima consultazione 12/11/2013

The Duquesne Hunky_ http://duquesnehunky.com_data ultima consultazione 8/12/2013

Third Coast Daily_http://thirdcoastdaily.com_data ultima consultazione 03/09/2013

University of Massachusetts Library_http://library.uml.edu_data ultima consultazione 14/11/2013

US/ICOMOS_www.usicomos.org_data ultima consultazione 09/12/2103

Penn State University Libraries_ http://www.libraries.psu.edu_data ultima consultazione 07/12/2013

Pittsburgh 250_www.mapsofpa.com_data ultima consultazione 30/11/2013

Western Pennsylvania History_ http://ojs.libraries.psu.edu_data ultima consultazione 08/08/2013