Comparative Analysis of Long-term Environmental effects of Produced water on Human health and Eco-system. Management Practices in the US & Pakistan.

Produced water, a inevitable byproduct of oil and gas production, that contain complex mixture of contaminants, including hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Despite treatment measures, a significant portion of produced water is discharged into the environment, posing potential risks to human health and ecosystems. This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the long-term environmental effects of produced water on human health and ecosystems, focusing on potentially impact caused by Norms thought accumulation , bioaccumulation in food chains, direct , indirect ingestion by human/animals and potential environmental impacts. Through an in-depth review of existing literature, case studies, and environmental monitoring data, this study will elucidate the mechanisms through which produced water contamination affects ecosystems and human populations over time. The findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the long-term implications of produced water discharge and inform strategies for mitigating its environmental and health impacts. The thesis concludes with recommendations for stricter regulations, advanced treatment technologies, and increased monitoring to mitigate the adverse impacts of produced water discharge. By addressing these challenges, the research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the long-term implications of produced water and inform strategies for safeguarding human health and the environment.