Greenery systems in historical urban centres : soundscape evaluation, design acoustic proposals

Ilaria Poma

Greenery systems in historical urban centres : soundscape evaluation, design acoustic proposals.

Rel. Arianna Astolfi, Jian Kang, Julija Smyrnova. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città, 2012

Questa è la versione più aggiornata di questo documento.

Controlla la disponibilità in biblioteca

Abstract:	"Only a total appreciation of the acoustic environment can give us the resources for improving the orchestration of the world soundscape", with these words in the 1977 Murray R. Schafer, Canadian compositor and researcher, had introduced the Soundscape theme, defined as a sonic environment. Soundscape research is related to various disciplines, including acoustics, architecture, psychology, sociology, human geography, anthropology, landscape planning, noise control engineering, musicology, political science, amongst others, involved in evaluating and designing soundscapes. In soundscape studies one needs to consider different variables like sources parameters, effects of the space, users' characteristics, environments variables. Concerning sources, sound pressure level, temporal conditions (duration, hour, day, season), location, source movement have to be evaluated. In terms of space Reverberation Time, overall background sound can be measured; about users their behavior, usual activities, social and demographic factors are essential factors. At last also temperature, humidity, lighting, landscape and architectural characteristics have to be considered. Recently there has been developed an idea of the transaction from noise reduction to soundscapes creation. In other words, the amount of city sounds may be designed and planned. This concept involves urban planning, architectural and design projects with a particular attention to people's health. In this way sound can be considered as a "source". The theme enters in a holistic point of view of sustainable architecture, where the triple bottom line (economic, social, environmental), is followed. The research proposed in these thesis is related to environmental acoustics; it focuses on noise control in urban sites and it takes part in the European HOSANNA project, a collaborative project under the Seventh Framework Programme, Theme 7, Sustainable Surface Transport. It started in November 2009 and is planned to run for three years. The project is coordinated by Chalmers University of Technology. The main aim is reduction of road and rail traffic noise in the outdoor environment. The innovative proposal consists in the use of green surfaces and various types of vegetation on different urban and rural surfaces such as buildings facades and roofs, trees planting innovative barriers made from recycled materials and green walls substrate to abate : noise. My research purposes to verify it vegetation can really affect and reduce traffic noise in typical European urban configurations. The case study sites will include a square and a courtyard, in where buildings are one dose to each other; so acoustic reflections can provide an important amplification of sound, increasing Reverberation Time, with the consequence of increment the negative perception on top of the increased loudness. Two real case studies that can be considered as typical European configurations have been chosen, namely one in Torino and one in Sheffield. This provide the opportunity to compare results obtained from simulations with results from in-situ measures. First measures in-situ have been carried out and then, for each case, different noise abatement schemes, based on the guidelines of HOSANNA programs, have been proposed. The selected case sites, both in Torino and Sheffield, are on the list of historical consolidate urban spaces, therefore the green treatments should be completely reversible. I had to be confronted whit a problem which is difficult to solve, the presence of historical noteworthy buildings and consequent architectural constraints. In the case of Torino there exists a strong regulation named Piano Regolatore according to which no changes in a look of historical facades can be made. Also Authorities of Sheffield have drawn up documents for historical buildings called Statements of Special Interest which recognize value of certain buildings. Therefore the noise abatement schemes had to take into account a dual problem, namely they should help in noise reduction from one side and preserve thè architectural value from the other side. The purpose of this thesis was to propose noise abatement configurations which will pay a respect to the historical value of architecture and that could be evaluated by public administration with a view to sustainable urban development, in which outdoor quality is taken in consideration. For each case study, acoustic simulations for reference configurations (without vegetation) had been performed using the software CATT-Acoustic;, then simulations have been repeated with two other software, namely CRR (Combined Ray-tracing and Radiosity) and Odeon, for one configuration. The purpose of these round robin simulations was to verify the results of simulations and to study the applicability of the software for dealing with outdoor sound field propagation. Different geometrical models, different spaces sizes, types and amounts of vegetation have been evaluated, founding out that better results, in terms of traffic noise reduction, can be achieved by using green wall instead of climbing wall and that depending on size of a certain urban space amount or placement of vegetation can play an important role. Abstract in italiano (PDF, 127kB - Creative Commons Attribution) Abstract in inglese (PDF, 125kB - Creative Commons Attribution)
Relatori:	Arianna Astolfi, Jian Kang, Julija Smyrnova
Tipo di pubblicazione:	A stampa
Soggetti:	A Architettura > AD Bioarchitettura S Scienze e Scienze Applicate > SA Acustica
Corso di laurea:	Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città
Classe di laurea:	NON SPECIFICATO
Aziende collaboratrici:	School of Architecture - University of Sheffield - Western Bank - Sheffield - England - United Kingdom, School of Architecture - University of Sheffield - Western Bank - Sheffield - England - United Kingdom
URI:	http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/2788
Capitoli:	Table of contents Introduction Chapter 1. Soundscape 1.1 State of Art 1.2 Standards 1.3 European Union Policy on Environmental Noise 1.4 Italian Policy on Environmental Noise 1.5 English Policy on Environmental Noise Chapter 2. Hosanna Research Project 2.1 The project 2.2 Why greenery systems 2.3 Methodologies Chapter 3. Sound fundamentals 3.1 Parameters 3.2 Absorption coefficient 3.3 Scattering coefficient Chapter 4. Why? And what? Not only acoustical properties of Greenery Systems 4.1 Greenery systems development 4.2 Greenery systems technology 4.3 Greenery freestanding systems abacus 4.4 Benefits 4.5 Sustainability of Greenery systems Chapter 5. Aims of the Research 5.1 Purposes 5.2 Case studies 5.2.1 Torino - Case study 1 5.2.2 Sheffield - Case study 2 Chapter 6. Measurements 6.1 Reverberation Room 6.2 In situ 6.2.1 Torino 6.2.2 Sheffield Chapter 7. Things to know before starting simulations 7.1 Introduction to simulations 7.2 Software 7.2.1 CATT-Acoustic 7.2.2 Odeon 7.2.3 Combined Ray tracing Radiosity (CRR) 7.3 Road traffic sources 7.4 Road traffic sources power level 7.5 How to create a linear source: parametric study Chapter 8. Simulations methodology 8.1 Introduction to simulations 8.2 Case Study 1_Largo Saluzzo 8.2.1 CATT-Acoustic 8.2.2 Odeon 8.2.3 Combined Ray tracing Radiosity (CRR) 8.3 Case Study 2_Leopold Square 8.2.1 CATT-Acoustic Chapter 9. Results 9.1 Generals 9.2 Case Study 1_Largo Saluzzo 9.3 Verification of scattering influence 9.4 Different software results comparison 9.5 Case Study 2_Leopold Square Chapter 10. Conclusions 10.1 Case Study 1_Largo Saluzzo 10.2 Case Study 2_Leopold Square 10.3 Final conclusions Acknowledgement Bibliography Internet References Images References
Bibliografia:	- M. R. Schafer, (1977), The Soundscape: Our Sonic Envimnmentand the Tuning of the World, Rochester. VT; Destiny Books. - A. L. Brown, A. Muhar, (2004), An Approach to the Acoustic Design of Outdoor Space, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 47, pages 6, 82 - 842. - M. Adams, B, Davies, N. Bruce, (2009), Soundscapes: an urban planning process map, August 23-26, Ottawa, Canada, Acoustics Research Centre, Newton Building, University of Salford, UK. - M. Adams et al, (2008), Soundwalking as methodology for understanding soundscapes, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics Vol. 30. Pt.2. - W. J. Davies et al, (2009), A positive soundscape evaluation tool, October 26-28, EURONOISE, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. - W. J. Davies, P. Z. Mahnken, C. J. Plack, Speech Communication in Outdoor Soundscapes, University of Salford, Acoustics Research Centre, UK, University of Manchester, Human Communication & Deafness Division, UK. - DIRECTIVE 2002/49/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND QF THE COUNCIL relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise_ GUCE L189/12, 2002. - H. Benkreira, K. V. Horoshenkov, A. Khan, A. Mandon, R. Rohr, (2011), The effect of drying on the acoustic absorption of novel green noise insulation, 26-28 October, European Drying Conference Euro-Drying, Palma, Balearic Island, Spain. - Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang , C. Cheal, E-Tijs and H. E. de Bree, {2010), Laboratory Test of Sound Absorption of Vegetation, 1st EAA - EuroRegio, Congress on Sound and Vibration, 15-18 September, LjublJana, Slovenia. - Schuller WM, de Zeeuw JH, (1981), Acoustic effect of trees on barriers, Proceedings of Internoise, 253-256. - T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren, T. Van Renterghem, D. Botteldooren, (1981), Reducing Screen-lnduced Refraction of Noise Barriers in Wind by Vegetative Screens, Acta Acustica United With Acustica, Vol. 88 pages 231 - 238. - J. Kang, (2002), Numerical modelling of the sound fields in urban streets with diffusely reflecting boundaries, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol 258(5) pages 793-813. - H. Yang, M. Choi, J. Kang, ( 2010), Laboratory study of the effects of green roof systems on noise reduction at street levels for diffracted sound, Internoise, Lisbon, Portugal. - Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang, C. Cheal, H.-S. Yang, (2011), Numerical simulation of the effects of vegetation on sound fields in urban spaces, EAA, Forum Acusticum, Aalborg, Denmark. - Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang, M. Hornix, J. Forssén, (2012), Effect of vegetation on noise propagation in streets and squares. Proceeding of Institute of Acoustics; 34: Pt.1. - Y. Smyrnova, J. Kang, C. Cheal, H. Yang, (2011), Numerical simulation of the effects of vegetation on sound fields in urban spaces. Proceedings of Forum Acousticum, Aalborg, Denmark. - M. Vorländer, (2009), Auralization, Foundamental of Acoustics, Modeling, Simulation, Algorithms and Acoustic Virtual Reality, RWTH edition, Berlin. - F. Alton Everest, (2001), The master handbook of Acoustics, Fourth Edition, McGraw Hill. - T. J. Cox, B. I. L. Dalenback, P. D'Antonio, J.J. Embrechts, J.Y. Jeon, E. Monmmertz, M. Vorländer, (2006), A Tutorial on Scattering and Diffusion Coefficients for Room Acoustic Surfaces, Vol. 92 pages 1-15, Acta Acustica United With Acustica. - BS ISO/FDIS 17497-1 : Acoustics - Measurement of the sound scattering properties of surfaces - Part 1: Measurement of the random-incidence scattering coefficient in a reverberation room, 2000. - T. Sakuma, Y. Kosaka, (2004), Comparison between scattering coefficients determined by specimen rotation and by directivity correlation, International Symposium on Room Acoustics: Design and Science (RADS), Awaji, Japan, 056. - E. Mommertz, (2000), Determination of scattering coefficients from reflection directivity of Architectural surfaces, Applied Acoustics Vol. 60 pages 201-203. - E. Monmmertz, M. Vorländer, (2000), Definition and measurement of random-incidence scattering coefficients, Applied acoustics, Vol. 60 pages 187-199. - Jian Kang, (2007), Urban Sound Environment, Taylor & Francis Editions. - BS EN ISO 354: 2003 Acoustics - Measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room, 23 April. - A. Virtudes, M. Manso, (2012), Green Walls Benefits in Contemporary City, 1st International Conference on Architecture & Urban Design. - Marco Schmidt, (2012), Session 5.3: Aesthetics and Cooling - Green Roofs and Walls The Evapotranspiration of Greened Roofs and Façades, Fourth Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, 0836 Boston, University of Technology Berlin, Germany. - M. Schmidt, (2003), Energy saving strategies through the greening of buildings, Proc. Rio3, World energy and climate event. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - N. H. Wong , A. Yong Kwang Tan, Y. Chen, K. Sekar, P. Y. Tan, D. Chan, K. Chiang, N. C. Wong, (2010), Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls, Singapore, Building and Environment Vol. 45 pages 663-672. - T. Sternberg, H. Viles, A. Cathersides, (2011), Evaluating the role of ivy (Hedera helix) in moderating wall surface microclimates and contributing to the bioprotection of historic buildings, Building and Environment, Vol. 46 pages 293-297. - R. Rutgers, (2011), Living facades - A study on the sustainable features of vegetated façade cladding, afstudeerrapport, Technische Univeristeit Delft, faculteit Bouwkunde. - F. Hallè, (1993), Un monde sns hiver- Les Tropiques: nature et societies, Le Seuil. - K. Perini, M. Ottelé, E. M. Haas, R. Raiteri, (2011), Greening the building envelope, façade greening and living wall systems, Journal of Ecology, Vol. 1 pages 1-8. - G. Hopkins, (2011), Living Architecture: green roofs and walls, Collingwood, Australia. - A. Bellomo, (2003), Pareti Verdi: linee guida alla progettazione, Esselibri, Napoli. - Dunnett, Nigel, Kingsbury, Noel, (2010), Planting Green roofs and Living Walls. Portland/London. - NUEA - Norme Urbanistiche Edilizie di Attuazione. Testo coordinato al 30 giugno 2006, integrato con le sole modifiche introdotte dal Progetto Definitivo della Variante n. 100 al P.R.G. adottata con D.C.C, n. 147 del 12/04/2006. - Decreto Legislativo 29 ottobre 1999, n. 490. "Testo unico delle disposizioni legislative in materia di beni culturali e ambientali, a norma dell'art. 1 della legge 8 ottobre, n. 352". - Legge 1 Giugno 1939, N.1089 "Tutela delle cose d'interesse Artistico o Storico". - The Planning Act, (1990), Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. - dBBATI32 Manual. - H. Yang, C. Cheal, J. Kang, Random-incidence absorption and scattering coefficients of low- growing vegetation, Ninth European Conference on Noise Control, Prague, Czech Republic, 10-13 June 2012. - R. Nota, R. Barelds, D. Van Mercke, (2005), Technical report: Harmonoise WP 3 engineering method for road traffic and railway noise after validation and fine-tuning (Document Identity: HAR32TR-040922-DGMR20). - J. Defrence, J. Forssèn, T. Vab Renterghem, K. Attenborough, M. Hornix, (2011), Work Package 2: innovative barries exploiting natural materials. Technical report on proposal for common cases of study. (Document Identity: HSNNA_23_TRP_2011_02_21_CSTB03.doc). - User's Manual CATT-Acoustic v8 Room Acoustics Prediction and Desktop Auralization. - R. Tomes, M. Kleiner, Audibility of "Diffusion" in Room Acoustics Auralization: An Initial Investigation, Chalmers University of Technology, 5E-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, BengtInge Dalenback CATT, Mariagatan 16A, SE-414 71 Goteborg. Sweden. - Y. Meng, (2008), Acoustic simulation and auralisation in urban open spaces, degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture University of Sheffield. - R. Siegel, & J. R. Howell, (1992), Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, Washington, DC: Hemisphere. - J. Kang, (2000). Acoustics of long spaces, Thomas Telford Ltd. - Y. Meng, and J. Kang, (2007), Combined ray-tracing and radiosity simulation for urban open spaces, In. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Acoustics (ICA), Madrid, Spain. - Y. Meng, J. Kang, and Y. Smyrnova, (2008), Numerical modelling of sound fields with mixed specular and diffuse boundaries using combined ray tracing and radiosity method, In. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 30(2), Reading, UK. - Odeon Version 11 User manual Industrial, Auditorium and Combined Edition. - M. R. Schroeder, (1970), Digital Simulation of Sound Transmission in Reverberant Spaces, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 424-431. - ISO 3382-1:2009(E), Acoustics - Measurement of room acoustic parameters, Part 1 : Performance spaces. - UNI/TR 11326:2009, Valutazione dell'incertezza nelle misurazioni e nei calcoli di acustica. Parte 1: Concetti generali. - GUM: UNI CEI ENV 13005:2000, Guida all'espressione dell'incertezza di misura. - EURACHEM/CITAC Guide,(2000), Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement (QUAM). - N. Craven, G. Kerry, A good practice guide on the sources and magnitude of uncertainty arising in the practical measurement of environmental noise, University of Salford - School of Acoustics & Electronic Engineering (2001). - W. Cavanaugh, Wilkes J. Architectural Acoustics, Principles and Practice, Wiley and Sons, 1999. Internet References http://www.cost.esf.org/ http://www.greener-cities.eu/ http://soundscape-cost.org/documents/Cost_Berlin2010/DAGA-2010-Presentation.pdf http://www.soundscape-cost.org/ http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/noise http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/a68672.pdf http://www.ennah.eu http://en.opasnet.0rg/w/Ebode http://www.positivesoundscapes.org/ http://www.defra.gov.uk/ http://www.greenwall.fr/ http://www.canevaflor.com/ https://www.comune.torino.it/geoportale/prg/introduzione.htm https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/planning-and-city-development/urban-design conservation/conservation/conservationareas.htm http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-octave.htm http://www.burckhardtpartner.ch/en/home.html http://www.greenscreen.com/ http://www.mcnichols.com/eco-mesh http://inhabitat.com/climbing-green-wall-crafted-from-bamboo-scaffolding-hanging-bags-norway/green-wall-mmw-3/ http://www.mmw.no/ http://www.atlantiscorp.com.au/vertical-gardens/gro-wall http://www.iuav.it/SISTEMA-DE/Archivio-d/approfondi/progettare/Prodotti-Sistemi-di-inverdimento-verticale.pdf http://inhabitat.com/habitat-horticulture-green-living-partitions-divide-sf-public-space/ http://www.habitathorticulture.com/

Modifica (riservato agli operatori)