Evaluation of the upper limb impairments in Para-cycling

Some studies have been done to quantify the contribution of the upper limbs in able-bodied cycling but, to date, none in the para-cycling field. First, the aim of this pilot study is to verify a protocol and related setup defined to compare the impairments of the upper limbs widespread among the para-athletes competing in the C (Cycling) division. The comparisons are between the simulations of impairments and with respect to the able-bodied reference positions from a performance, kinematic and kinetic point of view. Secondly, we want to understand if it is necessary to study the upper limbs to define a new evidence-based classification system in para-cycling. Whole body kinematics, forces measured on both sides of a custom-made handlebar and power output from the ergometer were collected from a participant performing 15 sitting 10 s long maximum sprints in a random order. For the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints, the 3D range of motion has been calculated and through an inverse dynamic analysis 3D forces, moments and consequently powers and works. The results confirm the differences between able-bodied and impaired athletes. Among the simulations of impairment(s) there is a distinction between those with a single amputation and those with a double amputation, in particular a reduction in the power contribution of the elbow in the sagittal plane and of the skillful shoulder in the frontal plane. A further discovery is linked to the advantages in the use of an adaptation in the presence of an amputation above the elbow. ROM, contribution in power of the shoulders and wrist in the sagittal plane, ergometer Power Output, Joint Works and work of the upper limbs referring to the work in the lower pedals if the adaptation is not used are observed. These results suggest that in addition to the lower limbs also the upper limbs must be considered in the development of an evidence-based classification system in the UCI Para-cycling.