The progressive urgency to mitigate climate change, driven by the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the accelerating global temperature rise, is reshaping energy policies and research priorities worldwide. In this context, nuclear energy is gaining renewed interest as a dispatchable, low-carbon source capable of contributing to the decarbonization of energy systems. This thesis focuses on the possible role of nuclear fission in the future Italian power sector, where nuclear power has been absent since 1987, but is now re-emerging in public and political debate. The work aims at investigating under which economic, technical, and policy conditions nuclear power could become a viable option in Italy.