Definition of criteria for determining homogeneous zones for photovoltaic "embodied emissions" installations in Europe

This study develops a systematic framework to classify European regions into homogeneous zones, allowing for a more data-driven and efficient strategy for integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into the energy mix. In addition to assessing PV potential, it introduces average embodied emissions values for each category, providing a comprehensive evaluation of both feasibility and environmental impact. Given the significant variability in solar irradiance, grid carbon intensity, electricity demand, and land availability, a structured classification is essential to assess the feasibility of PV deployment beyond national or geographic boundaries. By grouping regions with similar characteristics, this approach enables a standardized evaluation of PV potential, ensuring that energy investments and policies align with regional conditions. Using a multi-criteria analysis (MCA), key variables were analyzed to determine potential for PV deployment. The study defines four homogeneous zones, each representing a distinct level of feasibility based on solar resource availability, energy demand, and infrastructure compatibility. The results highlight substantial differences in PV potential across these zones, with some regions offering optimal conditions for large-scale deployment, while others require grid adaptation, policy interventions, or alternative renewable integration strategies to enhance viability. By establishing a standardized classification system and integrating embodied emissions considerations, this research provides a transparent and scalable methodology for assessing PV feasibility across Europe. The findings contribute to smarter policy decisions, optimized investment strategies, and a more sustainable expansion of solar energy, ensuring that PV deployment is both technically viable and aligned with carbon neutrality goals.