Microneedle-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Potassium and pH Monitoring

This thesis explores the development of multiplexed biosensors based on microneedle technology for the detection of critical physiological parameters, specifically potassium and pH levels. Microneedles, due to their micron-scale size, offer a minimally invasive approach to sampling interstitial fluid, making them ideal for continuous, real-time health monitoring. Their design allows for painless insertion into the skin, providing a seamless and non-invasive alternative to traditional sampling methods. The sensors utilize electrochemical detection, enhanced through the integration of advanced materials such as Iridium Oxide (IrOx), Polyaniline (PANI), and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). These materials improve the sensors' sensitivity and selectivity, enabling accurate detection of potassium and pH. Comprehensive testing was conducted to evaluate sensor performance, including calibration, sensitivity, and interference from other ions like sodium and magnesium. The results demonstrate that microneedle-based biosensors can effectively monitor physiological potassium and pH levels, offering significant potential for personalized, wearable health diagnostics. This research highlights the value of microneedle technology as a cutting-edge tool in the advancement of non-invasive biomedical monitoring.