Hybrid fuel cell and battery EVs_physical modelling and energy management strategies

This paper modifies and calibrates the physical model of the fuel cell, integrating it into the battery electric propulsion system to simulate the powertrain of hybrid light commercial vehicles. Two different energy management algorithms are designed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared through WLTP testing. Based on the results, suggestions for future improvements in energy management algorithms are provided to enhance the performance and efficiency of hybrid powertrains.