Within the general framework of the transformation of energy systems towards more sustainable solutions at international level, the Mediterranean area plays a particularly important role. The basin has the potential to emerge as a key player in the field of renewable energies, facilitated by innovative technological solutions that unveil new possibilities. The challenge is to balance the geopolitical criticalities of disruptive phenomena with the need to keep sustainability at the center of the policy framework, while maintaining security and equity. This study navigates the complex landscape of energy transition in the Mediterranean region, shedding light on the disparities between aspirations and achievements.