

\newpage
\section{Oslo}
\label{sec:Oslo}
A typical city  around the North sea, a scenario for a cold European city.
We choose it for its coldness. Also compare to \cref{sec:Kiev} Kiev that also share the cold climate.

\subsection{Climate}
\subsubsection{Latitude: 59°}
Oslo, situated in the high-latitude region of Norway at approximately 59 degrees, experiences a climate influenced by both its high-latitude position and maritime conditions.

\subsubsection{Classification: \textbf{Dfb} - Humid Continental Mild Summer, Wet All Year}
According to the Köppen climate classification, Oslo's climate falls under the Dfb category (6A in \glsxtrshort{ASHRAE}), representing "Humid Continental Mild Summer, Wet All Year." The characteristics of high-latitude regions and the effects on sunlight play a significant role in Oslo's climate.




\subsubsection{Basic climate graphics}
\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/Climate & Map/PMV/PMV_OSLO_B.png}
	\caption[Oslo: the comfort metric of PMV]{Oslo: the comfort metric of PMV. }
	\label{Oslo: the comfort metric of PMV}
    \hfill
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/Climate & Map/WindRose/WR_Oslo.png}
	\caption[Oslo: wind rose]{Oslo: wind rose}
	\label{Oslo: wind rose}
    \hfill
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{images/cities/Standard/OSLO.png}
	\caption{Oslo: original KPI}
	\label{Oslo: original KPI}
    \hfill
\end{figure}




\subsubsection{General Description}
In Oslo's climate, the high-latitude position results in substantial differences in daylight hours between summer and winter. During the summer, Oslo experiences longer daylight hours with higher solar elevations, leading to warmer temperatures ranging between 15-25 degrees Celsius. Additionally, due to its high-latitude location, Oslo may also witness the phenomenon of "white nights" during the summer, where the sky remains bright even during nighttime. However, a strict room occupancy schedule, where lighting is activated only if someone is in the office, means that the "white night" doesn't benefit the \glsxtrshort{DA}. On the contrary, the high latitude makes the sunlight weaker, making \glsxtrshort{DA} harder to achieve.

\newpage
\subsection{Chromosome matrix display}
\begin{table}[h]
    \centering
	\includegraphics[width=.88\linewidth]{images/cities/Oslo/Oslo_GEN.100.png}
	\caption{Oslo.\glsxtrshort{Gen}99}
	\label{fig:Oslo.Gen.99}
    \hfill
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
    \centering
	\includegraphics[width=.88\linewidth]{images/cities/Oslo/Oslo_GEN.000.png}
	\caption{Oslo.\glsxtrshort{Gen}00}
	\label{fig:Oslo.Gen.00}
    \hfill
\end{table}


\subsection{Genotype analysis}

\subsubsection{Insulations}
In Norway, thicker insulations are preferred. Roof and external wall insulations vary simultaneously, which is logical, as they serve a similar function of thermal isolation. Some floors stay around minimum values, which is a cost-effective strategy. However, some individuals use 22 cm of insulation, possibly for its thermal mass properties. In later generations, nearly half of the roof insulations reach the maximum of 39-40 cm, within the given range of 3-40 cm.

\subsubsection{Glass Types}
High-performance glass types are preferred.

\subsubsection{Louvers Count}
In Oslo's climate, louvers are unnecessary due to the lack of sunshine.

\subsubsection{Window-Wall-Ratio}
For the south facade, three strategies emerge: High ratio (70\%-90\%), covering 5 individuals out of 20; Medium ratio (35\%-50\%), covering 3 individuals; the rest are Low ratio (5\%-15\%). For the north facade, all the ratios are Low, with no exceptions.

\subsubsection{Delta Temperature}
Half of the individuals have a delta temperature of 0. Another 7 out of 20 have a delta temperature of 0.6, and 2 have a delta temperature of 0.3. One individual has a negative delta temperature of -0.7.

\subsection{Phenotypes Analysis}
\subsubsection{Fitness Values}

\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Energy Intensity:} 
The algorithm effectively optimizes the energy part, with values dropping significantly from about 60,000 to about 45,000 within 5 generations. For the following 95 generations, there is slight improvement. 
\item \textbf{Percentage of People Dissatisfied}
Optimizing the \glsxtrshort{PPD} is more challenging, with values decreasing slowly. It takes 10 generations to reach 75\%, and 20 generations to reach 73\%, which is also the best value in the latest generation. 


It's worth noting that Oslo's \glsxtrshort{PPD} is extremely high, indicating challenging weather conditions. Some solutions in the latest generations use thick insulation and consume over 17,000 kWh in heating, yet the \glsxtrshort{PPD} remains above 73\%. This phenomenon is worth studying. 

\item \textbf{Cost:}
In terms of cost, values range from 100,000 to 170,000 in the end game. This variation is reasonable, given that different prices lead to different combinations. The final cost is closely related to the south \glsxtrshort{WWR}, especially in Oslo, where the cost of glazing is much higher compared to opaque constructions. A larger south \glsxtrshort{WWR} also leads to higher consumption.

\end{itemize}

In terms of cost, values range from 100,000 to 170,000 in the end game. This variation is reasonable, given that different prices lead to different combinations. The final cost is closely related to the south \glsxtrshort{WWR}, especially in Oslo, where the cost of glazing is much higher compared to opaque constructions. A larger south \glsxtrshort{WWR} also leads to higher consumption.


\subsubsection{Energy Performance}
\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Cooling:} 
In Oslo, cooling is not a significant concern. However, there is an observable relation between cooling consumption and south \glsxtrshort{WWR}, ranging from 2,250 to 3,550 kWh.

\item \textbf{Heating:}
Heating is crucial in Oslo and constitutes over 80\% of energy consumption. The value is inversely proportional to the thickness of insulation, ranging from 14,590 to 21,300 kWh.

\item \textbf{Controlled Natural Ventilation:}
With cooling being less necessary, the importance of natural also decreases.

\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Continuous Daylight Autonomy}
Oslo's lack of sunlight results in all solutions performing poorly in this aspect, and they are quite homogeneous. There is little reference to draw from for our design.

\subsection{Strategy}
\label{subsec:OsloStrategy}
In the 99th generation, the solutions can be summarized into three strategies:

\subsubsection{Cheap is the Key}
This strategy sacrifices all other performance aspects to achieve the lowest cost. It may not be exciting for designers as it consistently chooses the cheapest solutions. Fortunately, it only occurs in 6 out of 20 of the population.

\subsubsection{Open-Wide}
With this strategy, the \glsxtrshort{WWR} on the south facade is high. It results in great \glsxtrshort{PPD} and considerably good energy consumption. It covers 4 out of 20 of the population. There is also an intermediate version named "Open-Up." It has a smaller \glsxtrshort{WWR} on the south facade, sacrificing \glsxtrshort{PPD} for better energy performance. "Open-Wide" and "Open-Up" together occupy 7 out of 20, offering an excellent option for designers looking to incorporate large windows.

\subsubsection{Dimmy}
This is a mainstream strategy, achieving a balance across all performance aspects. Although it wins the survival game in the simulation, it may not be popular among designers due to the darker interior conditions, which are rare in the 21st century. However, it can be a suitable choice for service rooms.

\subsection{Selection from Human}
I would recommend Generation 99, Individual 16 as my choice, which belongs to the "Open-Wide" strategy. In Oslo's climate, louvers are essentially useless. Setting the delta temperature to 0.5 is a good choice.
