
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{ch:Introduction}



\section{Primer: \textit{firmitas}, \textit{utilitas}, and \textit{venustas}}
\paragraph{Multiple Goals in Design} 
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\textit{Design is a dance with chains.} \footnote{\textit{Dancing in Chains}, According to Friedrich Nietzsche in 1880s, ``artists impose restrictions on themselves to encourage creativity and even have a way of `making things difficult' – imposing new constraints on themselves within which they have to dance.''} 
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Good architectural design on one side pursues the goals of solidity, comfort, and delight that Vitruvius \cite{BookofTen} spoke of; and on the other side is about skillfully balancing and integrating them into a unified whole. Architectural design is akin to a dance with shackles, where designers must navigate a balance among diverse demands to create a breathtaking amalgamation. On this stage, architects aren't merely problem solvers but creative catchers, seamlessly blending functionality, structural integrity, and aesthetic appeal. For instance, a building can achieve not only strength and safety through ingenious structural design but also use these structural elements to craft compelling artistic expressions. Exceptional architectural design needs to face on the one side the complex need to meet each individual requirements, while on the other side it needs to find resonance between aesthetic visions and utility within this balanced synthesis, resulting in architectural masterpieces. Thus, in the theater of architectural design, the elements of solidity, comfort, and beauty aren't isolated; they are amalgamated into a harmonious whole through the ingenuity and creativity of the designer.


\section{Goals: \textit{Comfort}, \textit{Efficiency}, \textit{Economicity}}

In contemporary sustainable design, this notion remains relevant, much like E. Vignani's mention
\cite[p.46]{rhino-gh} that visual comfort often conflicts with thermal comfort. Our task is to optimize multiple objectives through algorithms. Drawing inspiration from Vitruvius, we have established the following goals: Comoditas, Efficientia, Economicitas (Comfort, Efficiency, Economicity). These objectives encompass nearly all the requirements of modern office buildings. In other words, if these three indicators perform well, the evaluated office space will indeed be considered superior. Moreover, these three goals are designed to be as independent of each other as possible. It's preferable not to optimize \glsxtrfull{DA} while simultaneously optimizing Useful Daylight Illuminance, to avoid wasting computational resources and the risk of redundant optimization efforts.


And the other practical reasons why we've chosen these objectives are presented in the following paragraphs.


\section{Climate change}
%We're retrofitting an office building, setting clear goals and exploring the path to achieve them. It's not just about finding the best design combination; it's also understanding why certain combinations lead to optimized results.


\subsection{Public awareness}
In recent decades, there has been a widespread acknowledgment of climate change, compelling the urgency for extensive renovation to become a matter of public concern. ``According to a survey conducted by Eurobarometer in 2021, 93\% of \glsxtrshort{EU} citizens identified climate change as the most pressing global issue \cite{01}. Presently, a noticeable trend has emerged, especially among the youth, in taking to the streets to demand concrete actions to curtail global warming, with passionate declarations of affection for Earth \cite{01}. The Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, renowned for founding ``the climate strike movement known as Fridays For Future (FFF) in 2018''\cite[2]{rhino-gh}, has played a pivotal role in shaping attitudes toward climate change. The movement's advocacy for action has garnered widespread support among students worldwide, rallying for the protection of their future.

While environmental activism has recently gained substantial traction, primarily leveraging the power of social media, its origins trace back to the early 1970s when climate change began surfacing as a critical political concern. The pivotal moment came in 1972 with the \glsxtrshort{UN} Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) held in Stockholm, Sweden. This conference marked the first major attempt to address environmental issues globally, with participating nations concurring on the imperative for coordinated, global-scale efforts to address climate change \cite{01}. '' \cite{rhino-gh}

\subsection{The earth is warming, the mankind is delaying}
Subsequently, numerous conferences have convened on this matter \cite{01}, yet the issue has often been deferred, leaving it for future generations to tackle \cite{01,03}. Consequently, the climate crisis has historically been perceived as "a distant danger, a scenario that we can address tomorrow" \cite{04}. Governments have delayed prioritizing its resolution while addressing short-term predicaments such as financial and economic concerns \cite{01}. However, humanity is now facing the consequences of these decisions. According to NASA/GISS data \cite{05}, global temperatures have risen by 1.01°C between 1880 and 2021, with 2020 recorded as the hottest year since the 19th century. Earth's temperature is escalating at an alarming pace, concurrent with a surge in atmospheric \glsxtrshort{CO2} levels. Heatwaves have become more frequent, raising temperatures and humidity levels, notably in urbanized regions (for instance, the highest temperature recorded in Europe was 48.8°C in Syracuse, Sicily, in August 2021). Shrinking Arctic sea ice has accelerated the rise in ocean levels, posing a threat of floods to coastal cities. Moreover, the thawing of permafrost could release trapped \glsxtrshort{CO2} and methane, further intensifying greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere \cite{06}. Droughts and wildfires have ravaged entire regions such as California and Australia, while vast areas of the Amazon Rainforest are incinerated annually, jeopardizing wildlife. Human-induced climate alterations are precipitating environmental disruptions that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations and ecosystems, yielding significant implications not only for nature but also for human health and well-being. Consequently, the issue has transcended mere environmental and economic concerns, evolving into an imminent social challenge, and the window of opportunity for action is rapidly closing \cite{01,07}.

\subsection{Call for the change}
Therefore, the call is made. ``Climate issues have ascended to the forefront of the international political agenda. The 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) held in Paris in 2015 marked a significant acceleration in efforts.''\cite[3]{rhino-gh} In December of the same year, the 196 participating parties reached a milestone by delineating shared objectives and endorsing the Paris Agreement. This landmark accord represents the "first-ever universal, legally binding global climate change" treaty \cite{08}. The Agreement introduced a dual-sided strategy aimed at combating global warming through adaptation and mitigation policies.

Adaptation involves reducing societal vulnerability to expected climate change impacts, enhancing resilience to adverse conditions. Mitigation aims at ``holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C,''\cite[3]{09} recognizing that this would significantly alleviate the risks and impacts of climate change . To curtail global warming, substantial reductions in \glsxtrfull{GHG} emissions are imperative, striving towards a zero-emission scenario.
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To align with the treaty's stipulations, each country is obliged to outline and communicate its \glsxtrfull{NDC} every five years to the \glsxtrfull{UNFCCC} secretariat, outlining the objectives it intends to achieve \cite[art.4 para.2]{09}. For instance, the initial \glsxtrshort{NDC} of the European Union committed to reducing \glsxtrshort{GHG} emissions by 40\% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Subsequently, in December 2020, the \glsxtrshort{EU} updated its \glsxtrshort{NDC}, setting a more ambitious target of reducing emissions by at least 55\% by 2030 \cite{04}, thereby progressing towards decarbonization and climate neutrality.

One of the most impactful sectors contributing to emissions is power generation and heat production, which accounted for nearly 39\% of global \glsxtrshort{CO2} emissions in 2020 and escalated to 46\% in 2021 \cite{10,11}. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to reduced energy demand and a consequent drastic decline in \glsxtrshort{CO2} emissions. This presented governments with an opportunity to prioritize green recovery, reconstructing a global economy that invests in low-carbon technologies, mitigating global warming, and aligning with the Paris Agreement's objectives. As highlighted by Rosen and Forster \cite{04}, a robust green economic recovery could potentially halve the rate of warming in the forthcoming decades, aiding in keeping the temperature increase below the 1.5°C goal.

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However, as the world began recovering from the health crisis, it became evident that a sustainable restoration was not being pursued. ``\glsxtrshort{CO2} emissions, particularly those stemming from coal combustion, surged once again, reaching 36.3 billion tons in 2021, the highest level ever recorded in history'' \cite{11}. According to the European Commission \cite{13}, 40\% of \glsxtrshort{EU} energy consumption and 36\% of energy-related \glsxtrshort{GHG} emissions in 2021 were attributed to buildings, primarily due to inefficient existing building stock, of which 75\% lacks energy efficiency. Inadequate efficiency adversely affects both the environment and human quality of life. Higher energy consumption leads to elevated bills, burdening household budgets and exacerbating energy poverty. Furthermore, inefficient buildings fail to provide adequate indoor comfort and sanitary conditions in residential and workspaces, contributing to health issues and reduced productivity \cite{14}. In light of this evidence, a pressing need arises for a revolutionary transformation within the construction sector, not merely in construction practices but also in the conceptualization of buildings from their earliest design stages. ``The aim is to curtail resource exploitation, diminish pollution, address social inequalities, and enhance present and future health and quality of life within a sustainable development framework'' \cite{03,15}.




\subsection{\glsxtrshort{EU} Incentives for Change}

Climate action has emerged as a paramount concern in the European landscape. In pursuit of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, the legislative framework addressing this concern remains in constant evolution, alongside the establishment of various funding programs. Reports, such as \cite{14}, estimate that the \glsxtrfull{EU} dedicates approximately 40\% of global investments toward enhancing building energy efficiency annually. Notably, progress has been made in enhancing energy performance, significantly reducing new buildings’ energy consumption by half compared to similar structures two decades ago \cite{14}. However, the primary challenge persists within the existing building stock, where the rate of retrofitting falls short of the necessary level to meet European decarbonization and reduced consumption objectives \cite{14,16}. This limitation stems partly from the unattractiveness of renovation processes to investors due to their perceived high costs, time-intensive nature, and limited short-term cost-effectiveness.

In a bid to stimulate building retrofit initiatives, certain \glsxtrshort{EU} countries have introduced tax reliefs. For instance, Italy has introduced, among other existing fiscal facilitations, the "Superbonus 110\%" initiative \cite{06}. This initiative allows contributors to deduct 110\% of intervention costs for energy efficiency enhancements, structural consolidations, and renewable installations. Despite its commendable intentions, the potential of the Superbonus 110\% remains underutilized. According to a report by Legambiente \cite{15}, this economic incentive tends to benefit affluent users more than vulnerable families, whereas addressing energy poverty and facilitating widespread building renovations should be the primary focus. Enhancing fund management and programming remains imperative to fully capitalize on such initiatives.

Another challenge lies in persisting barriers and misinformation, particularly among end-users. The lack of a clear framework hampers the understanding, measurement, and monetization of the actual benefits arising from energy savings \cite{14}. To invigorate building refurbishment efforts and promote energy efficiency policies, investments, and savings, the \glsxtrshort{EU} primarily relies on its pivotal legislative instrument—the \glsxtrfull{EPBD}. Initially published in 2002 (Directive 2002/91/EC), subsequently recast in 2010 (Directive 2010/31/EU), and further revised in 2018 (Directive 2018/844/EU), a new revision for 2022 has been proposed as part of the “Fit for 55” package \cite{17}. This proposed revision aims to update objectives and enhance the existing regulatory framework. It envisages introducing mandatory minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and strengthening obligations to provide \glsxtrfull{EPC}, establishing common criteria for performance classes \cite{18}. To complement the \glsxtrshort{EPBD}, the \glsxtrfull{EPB} standards set by \glsxtrshort{CEN} \cite{19} evaluates the overall energy performance of both new and existing (i.e., renovated) buildings using a comprehensive approach considering multiple facets.

Aligned with this strategy, the \glsxtrshort{EU}’s funding program, Horizon 2020 \cite{09}, issued a call for tenders titled "Building a Low-carbon, Climate Resilient Future" (H2020-LC-SC3-2018-2019-2020) under the H2020 SC3 Societal Challenge – Secure, Clean, and Efficient Energy. Of particular interest is the LC-SC3-EE-5-2018-2019-2020 topic, focusing on the ``Next-generation of Energy Performance Assessment and Certification'' \cite{16}. This call encourages participants to present innovative ``assessment and certification systems compliant with \glsxtrshort{EPBD} and \glsxtrshort{EPB} standards to harmonize evaluation methodologies and enhance the application of \glsxtrshort{EPC}s''\cite[7]{rhino-gh}. Providing a standardized framework renders assessments and certifications more reliable, comparable at the \glsxtrshort{EU} level, and user-friendly, potentially overcoming the aforementioned barriers.


Answering the calling, we also regard the energy performance as a valuable pursuit, so the \textbf{energy performance} is selected to be one of the objectives.

\section{Human-Body-Oriented Design}

Alvar Aalto, known for his architectural prowess, exhibited a profound understanding of humanistic design principles, particularly attuned to the exigencies of extreme climates prevalent in his native Finland. His architectural oeuvre stands as a testament to a sensitive approach, seamlessly intertwining human emotions and environmental consciousness within the built environment.

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A \glsxtrshort{UNESCO} World Heritage Centre report lauds Alvar Aalto's works for their distinctive capacity to encapsulate human emotions within architectural forms, citing his unique ability to translate feelings and senses into tangible architectural expressions \cite{aalto_1}. Notably, Aalto's architectural repertoire is acknowledged as an integral component of international modernism, underscoring the universal resonance and significance of his designs on a global scale \cite{aalto_1}.

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Moreover, scholarly investigations, such as the research paper titled “Atmospheres of space: the development of Alvar Aalto’s free-flow section as a climate device,” delve into the symbiotic relationship between Aalto's designs and the Finnish climate. This exploration illuminates how Aalto ingeniously harnessed natural light and ventilation, leveraging these elements to craft indoor environments that harmonize with the climatic demands, ensuring comfort even amidst extreme weather conditions \cite{aalto_2}.


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Generally, following the step of Aalto, we decided to set up a objective considering the humanistic design principles, i.e. the \textbf{comfort} is chosen as one of the goals.

\section{Short-Term Expenses vs. Long-Term Profit}

Facilitating society's transition towards sustainability poses a pivotal challenge, where economic advantage emerges as a key determinant. While policy directives and environmental advocacy play supportive roles in propelling societal changes, effecting substantial transformation hinges significantly on economic leverage. To seek substantive change, a blueprint can be drawn from Elon Musk's methodology in implementing sustainable transformation. His approach emphasizes the pivotal role of economic advantage, harnessing economic viability as a prime driver for societal evolution. Musk's application of the first principles theory suggests that solely relying on policy directives and environmental rhetoric might not induce fundamental societal shifts in the short term. Conversely, providing economic advantage can stimulate individuals to proactively initiate changes based on self-interest. In this case, the first principles is to replacing all the carbon calculation or \glsxtrshort{GHG} emission with the simple value, the \textbf{cost}. 

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Fortuitously, the issue of energy performance fundamentally relates to economics. Over extended comparative periods, superior energy performance theoretically establishes an advantage. In essence, superior energy performance aligns with our goals over prolonged periods. Thus, clarification of the study's duration can substantiate this assertion.

For instance, Tesla's 'Master Plan Part 3' released in 2023 elucidates the company's objective: achieving a sustainable global energy economy through end-use electrification and sustainable electricity generation and storage. This plan delineates a trajectory toward this objective, supported by detailed calculations and assumptions. The ultimate goal is to expedite the global shift to sustainable energy without environmental compromise. \cite{01,02,12}

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The ultimate goal is also the goal for our sustainable architecture, so we can set up an objective of \textbf{Cost}, imitating after the Tesla Masterplan.
%\subsection{Way to Optimize?}
%Exploring perspectives to look back at building design: traditional ways, following design experience, and enumeration to find the fittest solution.

\section{Inspirations from Computer Science}

\subsection{Parametric platform as an intermediate}

Horizon 2020-funded projects are pivotal in catalyzing profound innovations in performance evaluation and sustainable strategies. Acknowledging the advent of a new digital era, these initiatives leverage the widespread accessibility of \glsxtrfull{ICT}, \glsxtrfull{IT}, and the ubiquitous availability of computers, driving a monumental technological revolution across diverse domains \cite{21,22,23,24,25,26,27}. The conventional dichotomy between the digital and physical realms is dissipating, giving way to a dynamic, continuous interplay and amalgamation between these two realities \cite{21,27}.

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Establishing smart-sensor\footnote{E.g. \glsxtrfull{ALS} of the lighting data} grids within the built environment facilitates the control of physical spaces through digitization, enabling the influence of virtual models based on real-time data \cite{21}. Sensors collect vast amounts of real-time data, which computers can efficiently manage and sift through, a task beyond human capabilities without simplification \cite{11}. Precision in small-data accuracy logic is abandoned, acknowledging that single-measurement precision from sensors cannot be guaranteed. Instead, an abundance of data aids in comprehending phenomena and forecasting trends \cite{21}.

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The applications of these extensive datasets are diverse. They can enhance the definition of a new generation of building performance assessment, as proposed in the H2020 LC-SC3-EE-5 call \cite{16}, thereby elevating the quality and reliability of performance and indoor comfort certification. For instance, the H2020-funded project E-DYCE (Energy-flexible DYnamic building Certification) introduces \glsxtrfull{DEPC} as an evolution of conventional \glsxtrshort{EPC}s, aligning them closer to actual building operational conditions \cite{23}.

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Monitoring data offers insights into actual energy consumption in buildings, facilitating informed energy consumption planning \cite{24}. These insights are channeled into advanced control systems aimed at improving building intelligence, fostering healthier and more comfortable indoor environments, reducing energy consumption, carbon footprint, and optimizing the utilization of renewable energy resources.

For the effective implementation of these technologies on a larger scale, simpler, interactive, and cost-effective solutions must be developed. Projects like the EU-funded PRELUDE (H2020 LC-EEB-07-2020 call) endeavor in this direction \cite{24,25,26}.

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Moreover, the advent of big data has implications for the design process and modeling, necessitating the modernization of designer’s role and methodologies. Architects, who initially embraced digital tools in the 1990s, now face a reluctance to adopt the new paradigm brought forth by the \glsxtrshort{ICT} revolution, potentially jeopardizing their relevance \cite{21,28}. Carpo suggests that design professionals often believe their expertise, rooted in traditional knowledge, cannot be replaced by machines \cite[161]{22} However, in an era of proliferating information and evolving requirements demanding new management models, the conventional conception of an architect is challenged. Geymonat contends that specialization must be reinterpreted and transcended to achieve overall quality and sustainability in projects.

In this contemporary landscape, designers evolve from solitary entities into active participants contributing sectoral knowledge to a holistic, interdisciplinary design process \cite{22}. Collaboration and transparency are key elements, necessitating designers to articulate and share project information and strategies, facilitated by tools like \glsxtrfull{BIM} software. The form and performance of buildings must reflect this multidisciplinary approach \cite{33}.

\subsection{Philosophy of Algorithms}

At the methodological level, there exists a profound connection between the concepts of computational algorithms and the non-aesthetic indicators within architectural design. Both control theory principles and evolutionary algorithms are centered around the optimization and control of systems, striving to achieve optimal outcomes under specific conditions. In architectural design, these non-aesthetic indicators involve energy utilization, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, among others, aligning with the optimization goals pursued by computational algorithms.

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Contemporary architectural design trends emphasize energy efficiency, environmental consciousness, and sustainability. This pursuit necessitates considerations of multiple variables such as material selection, structural design, thermal analysis, among others, where the optimal combination of these variables directly impacts a building's energy efficiency and overall performance. The application of computational algorithms provides an effective means to navigate through vast design spaces, searching for optimal solutions that meet diverse non-aesthetic criteria.

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Optimization algorithms e.g. evolutionary ones simulate natural evolution processes or search for the best solutions, aiding designers in swiftly identifying designs that satisfy various conditions and constraints. This aligns with common optimization objectives in architecture design, such as minimizing energy consumption while maintaining structural stability or significantly reducing environmental impact.

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Therefore, at the methodological level, computational algorithms and the non-aesthetic indicators in architectural design both aim to achieve optimal outcomes through optimization. Utilizing data analysis and simulation, they strive to identify optimal solutions to meet multifaceted design requirements.


\subsection{Translating the design mission to coding}

In line with the conversion of design elements into quantifiable variables, aspects that require optimization in the design process are all inherently quantifiable, such as insulation thickness and \glsxtrfull{WWR}. These variables have been structured into forms amenable to computational algorithms, thereby serving as the optimized elements within the design process.

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Regarding the methodologies and considerations, a crucial aspect emerges in the selection of quantifiable, objective, and measurable fitness values. Parameters like insulation thickness and \glsxtrshort{WWR} stand as direct and effective optimization targets, aiding algorithms in the pursuit of optimal solutions. Simultaneously, for subjective metrics such as the 'Percentage of people dissatisfied,' referencing conclusions derived from statistical experiments like \glsxtrfull{PMV} or adaptive comfort criteria proves instrumental. This approach allows the inclusion of subjective elements within the algorithmic framework through objective, quantifiable proxies.

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This approach to translating design problems into algorithmic ones hinges on the transformation of qualitative design goals into quantitative fitness criteria. Quantifiable design elements are utilized as objective optimization targets, while subjective metrics are addressed through statistical or empirical conclusions, effectively guiding the algorithmic optimization process. In essence, this framework facilitates the incorporation of both objective and subjective considerations within the algorithmic design optimization paradigm.

%\subsection{Parametric Platform as an Elevator}
%Links geometrical design and coding stages, integrating coding philosophy into design.

%\subsection{Advantage of Parametric Methodology}

%\subsubsection{Accessibility}
%Familiar interface for designers.
%\subsubsection{Consistency}
%\subsubsection{Flexibility}
%\subsubsection{Visualizability}



\subsection{Skipping from "Form making" to "Form finding"}

The design profession has historically centered on shaping reality and giving form to human-inhabited environments. The advent of computational tools, like \glsxtrfull{CAD} software in the early 1990s, initially served as replacements for traditional paper-based drawing methods among architects \cite{21,33,34}. These digital instruments, notably, facilitated the handling of complex shapes, enabling architects to explore previously elusive mathematical elements, such as splines and free-form curves \cite{22}.

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In its infancy, digital architecture primarily fixated on creating visually striking objects with high aesthetic value and spatial intricacy, often pursuing modernity. This architectural trend, exemplified by the emergence of "blob architecture" gave rise to isolated streamlined structures lauded as mere landmarks and symbols of innovation, featuring almost naturalistic, yet contextually detached, forms that lacked justifiable reasoning \cite{03}. However, such an approach is deemed inadequate in the context of developing a more sustainable construction sector. Contemporary architecture seeks inspiration from nature not solely in form but also in functionality \cite{03}, aiming to mimic nature's adaptability to diverse environmental conditions.

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A paradigm shift is underway – from "Form must be made" to "Form must be found." This shift in design philosophy aligns with a performance-driven approach, wherein form originates from fulfilling a set of requirements, marrying technical choices with functional necessities \cite{41}. The "requirement-driven approach," known as the "metodo esigenziale-prestazionale" developed in Italy between the '60s and '70s, finds contemporary application as performance-driven or performative design \cite{41,39,40}.

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Traditionally, designers explored a limited number of design solutions due to cognitive limitations in managing complexity and vast amounts of data \cite{31,43}. However, leveraging parametric and algorithmic approaches integrated within the workflow allows architects to explore and compare numerous design alternatives at the preliminary phase \cite{21,31,34}. These approaches, such as evolutionary algorithms like \glsxtrfull{GA}, are increasingly utilized in form-finding and form-optimization within environmental design \cite{35,44}.

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Now, the designers is capable to devote themselves in more general missions, i.e. theme of the design or the sparkle from inspiration, not just building form in the 3D software. This enables a comprehensive exploration of design alternatives, considering building quality, functional efficiency, and environmental impact, thus surpassing the constraints of traditional design methodologies \cite{21,31,34}. 

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The shift from mere form-making to form-finding, benefits all aspects of designers. In our methodology, the designer still needs to know how, having the knowledge of all the process plus the knowledge of \glsxtrlong{GA}. As a return, the designer can have thousand of parallel forms for choosing, saving a lot of time in modeling in the early stage of a project.

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Our research is increasingly supported by computer science, with algorithms providing inspiration. However, it's still a human based method, processing under the designers' conduct.


\section{From dark knowledge to grokking }

In this evolution, the\glsxtrfull{AI} on some complex mission performance better than human being, appearing with "intelligence". And we call it "to grok\footnote{Grokking is a slang term that means to understand something intuitively or empathetically. It was coined by Robert A. Heinlein in his book “Stranger in a Strange Land”. In the context of machine learning, Grokking refers to a specific learning process where a model suddenly transitions from memorizing training data to being able to process and understand unseen data after prolonged training.}".

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In the meanwhile, the concept of "dark knowledge" in machine learning becomes relevant. Dark knowledge represents the opaque decision-making process of artificial intelligence, often imperceptible to humans \cite{Goode2022}. As machine learning becomes increasingly powerful, human theories might no longer be essential, with neural networks directly yielding results more expediently. This dynamic aligns with the performative design methodology, where performance evaluation guides the design process from its inception. Employing performance evaluation in early design stages enables architects to assess whether conceptual ideas align with expectations and lead to the iterative refinement of solutions meeting a set of sometimes conflicting objectives.


