Studio dell'influenza degli accessori veicolo in diversi tipi di motopropulsore tramite modellazione termodinamica. = Consideration of car secondary energy demand sensitivity for different drivetrain concepts through thermodynamic modelling

Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. For this reason the growing concern about environmental pollution, climate change and global warming is shifting the attention of the transportation sector towards the development of technologies not dependent on fossil fuels. In particular, for passenger cars, BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) and HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) are expected to gain a greater importance on the market in the upcoming years, especially in the European Union where new regulations will be phased in from 2020, decreasing the emission limit of the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from 130 gCO2/km to 95 gCO2/km for the fleet average of car manufacturers. Thus, the increasing interest towards a sustainable mobility, mainly referred to BEVs and HEVs, raised a number of rather new problems, which were usually negligible in vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine. These issues consist mainly in the increase in energy consumption, and the consequent decrease in the available electric range, due to the use of constant and variable secondary users, which include all those systems not used to move the car but necessary for increasing the comfort of driver and passengers and increasing safety. This problem can generate also an increase in range anxiety for BEV drivers or potential customers, further decreasing the spread of electric mobility solutions. The most energy consuming between all the secondary users is the so-called HVAC system (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system), which is strictly related to the external environment conditions, and can, therefore, have a big impact on the decrease in the available range for BEVs, according to the considered geographical region. For what concerns HEVs, the main problem is the decrease in the electric energy available for traction, thus reducing the advantage given by the hybridization. For this reason, these aspects must be considered, by companies, both for the design phase and for the market selection process in which to introduce new powertrain concepts. The work carried out for this thesis was to investigate the effects of different ambient temperatures on the consumption of BEVs and PHEVs, Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, of which the P2-configuration was considered, in comparison with ICEVs (Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) through a simulative data-driven approach, with the aim of having quantitative and qualitative results for the problems just mentioned. Going more in details, the idea of this study was to create a MATLAB model to compute the increase in total energy consumption in BEVs, ICEVs and PHEVs due to secondary users, mainly heating and cooling systems, taking into account a range of temperatures from -10 °C to +40 °C.