La sostenibilità nella rigenerazione dei brownfiled

1.INTRODUZIONE

1.1.Brownfield e sostenibilità

2.INQUADRAMENTO

2.1.Eredità ambientale

2.1.1.Riscaldamento globale

2.1.2.Intensificazione degli eventi climatici estremi ....

2.1.3.Depauperamento delle risorse

2.1.4.Inquinamento

2.2.L'Antropocene

2.3.Effetti secondari e complessità

3.PAESAGGI ANTROPIZZATI

3.1.Concentrazione urbana ed antropizzazione

3.2.II consumo di suolo

3.3.Paesaggio, cambiamento e loro rappresentazione

4.CITTA' COME ORGANISMI VIVENTI

4.1.La teoria del Biourbanismo

4.2.I processi di scarto nelle aree urbane

4.3.Scarto di luoghi

4.4 Categorie di materiali rifiutati

5.I BROWNFIELD

5.1.Definizioni e caratteristiche

5.2.Origini e dimensioni del fenomeno

5.3.Opportunità e criticità

5.4.Quadro normativo

6.ASPETTI RELATIVI ALLA PROGETTAZIONE PAESAGGISTICA

6.1.La rigenerazione dei brownfield ad aree verdi

6.2.Valutare la sostenibilità dei progetti di rigenerazione brownfield

6.3.Approcci informativi efficaci

6.4.Negoziazione e processi decisionali

6.5.Processi partecipativi e comunicazione

7.ASPETTI AMBIENTALI

7.1.Identificazione degli inquinanti

7.2.Tecniche di bonifica ambientale

7.3.Trattamenti biologici

7.4.Trattamenti chimico-fisici

7.5.Decontaminazione e sostenibilità

7.6.Biodiversità urbana e brownfield

7.7.I brownfield per le energie rinnovabili

8.UN CASO STUDIO A TORINO

8.1.II Parco Dora su Spina3

8.2.II progetto di ricerca BTeam Brownfield Policy

8.3.Sperimentazione in campo nel Parco Dora

BIBLIOGRAFIA

NASA. National aeronautics and space administration, global climate change section, https://vvww.nasa.gov/.

WMO. World meteorological organization, http://public.wmo.int/en.

IPCC. Intergovernamental panel on climate change.

http://www.ipcc.ch/.

European Commission. Energy union and climate, making energy more secure, affordable and sustainable, http: / / ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union-and-climatei.

AA.VV. State of the world 2015. confronting hidden threads to sustainability. Technical report, World Watch Institute, 2015.

Dora C.F. Pruss-Ustun A.M. Bonjour Sophie Adair-Rohani H. Amami M. Karagulian F., Belis A.C. Contributions to cities' ambient particulate matter (pm): A systematic review of local source contributions at global level. Atmospheric Environment, 2015.

AA.VV. World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision. Technical report, UN - United Nations, 2014.

COP21. Sustainable innovation forum 2015. http: www.cop21paris.org.

Congresso dei poteri locali e regionali del Consiglio d'Europa. Convenzione europea del paesaggio. Technical report, Unione Europea, Ottobre 2000.

[10] Zorzi R. Il paesaggio. Dalla percezione alla descrizione. Marsilio, 1999.

[HI Arthus-Bertrand Y. La Terre vue du del: un portrait arien de la planete. 2005.

United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population division, http://www.un.org/en/developrnent/desa/population/.

Lynch K. Deperire. Rifiuti e spreco nella vita di uomini e citta. 1994.

Dominati E. Lebron I. Scow K.M. Reynolds B.-Emmett B.A. Keith A.M. De Jonge L.W. Schjanning R Moldrup P. Jones S.B. Tuller M. Robinson D.A., Hockley N. Natural capital, ecosystem services, and soil change: Why soil science must embrace an ecosystems approach. Vadose Zone Journal, (11), 2012.

Carus M. Brandào M. Bringezu S. Hermann B.-Martin K.P. Weiss M., Haufe J. A review of the environmental impacts of biobased materials. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(sl):Sl69 S181, 2012.

Schwarze R. Bartke S. No perfect tools: Trade-offs of sustainability principles and user requirements in desdesign support tools for land-use decisions between greenfgreen and brownfields. Journal of Environmental Management, (153): 11-24, 2015.

FAO &; ITPS. Status of the world soil resources. Technical report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy, 2015.

Coenen L. Neij L. McCormick K., Anderberg S. Advancing sustainable urban transformation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50:1 - 11, 2013. Special Issue: Advancing sustainable urban transformation.

Heijungs R. Lookman R. Boonen K. Van Geert Y. Dendoncker K. Seutjens P. Beames A., Broekx S. Accounting for land-use efficiency and temporal variations between brownfield remediation alternatives in life-cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, (101):109-117, 2015.

Castelnovi P. Il senso del paesaggio. Istituto Ricerche Economiche e Sociali del Piemonte, 2000.

Venturi Ferriolo M. Etiche del paesaggio. Il progetto del mondo umano. Editori Riuniti, 2002.

Raffestin C. Dalla nostalgia del territorio al desiderio di paesaggio. Alinea Editrice, 2005.

Yao H. Zehao S. Shushi P. Junsheng L. Liping Z. Hongvan L. Yuecun M. Yihui D. Shilong P., Philippe C. The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in china. Nature, 467(7311):43-51, 2010.

Junnila S. Heinonen J. Implications of urban structure on carbon consumption in metropolitan areas. Environmental Research Letters, 6(1):014018, 2011.

Gielen D. Grubler A. Jewell J. Klimont Z. Volker K. McCollum D. Shonali P. Shilpa P. Keywan R., Dentener F. Energy pathways for sustainable development. 2012.

Svedberg B. Knutsson S. Magnusson S., Lundberg K. Sustainable management of excavated soil and rock in urban aarea - a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, (93):18-25, 2015.

International Society of Biourbanism. Scientific network for high-quality research, theory making, education and practice. http://www.biourbanism.org/.

Garbarino E. Blengini G.A. Resources and waste management in turin (italy) : the role of recycled aggregates in the sustainable supply mix. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10):1021-1030, 2010.

Rosado L. Kalmykova Y. Resource consumption drivers and pathways to reduction: economy, policy and lifestyle impact on material flows at the national and urban scale. Journal of Cleaner Production, pages -, 2015.

Thornlev P. Welfle A., Gilbert P. Securing a bioenergy future without imports. Energy Policy, 68:114, 2014.

Clement G. Manifesto del Terzo Paesaggio. 2005.

Bistagnino L. Design Sistemico. Progettare la sostenibilità produttiva e ambientale. 2009.

Hermreck C. Wai K.C. Understanding transportation energy and technical metabolism of construction waste recycling. Resources, conservation and recycling, 54(9):579-590, 2010.

Horpibulsuk S. Arulrajah A., Disfani A. Recvcled-glass blends in pavement base/subbase applications: laboratory and field evaluation. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 26(7):04014025, 2013.

Oneto G. Manuale di pianificazione del paesaggio. II Sole 24 ore, 1997.

Endre B. Olahn Groma V. Hartmann B., Trok S. Multi-objective method for energy purpose redevelopment of brownfield sites. Journal of Cleaner Production, (2):202-212, 2014.

Geertman S. Lin Y. Liu Y., Van Oort F. Institutional determinants of brownfield formation in Chinese cities and urban villages. Habitat International (44):72-78, 2014.

Palevicius V. Bielinskaa V., Burinskiene M. Assessment of neglected area in Vilnius city using mcdm and copras methods. Procedia Engineering, (122):29 38, 2015.

Pizzol L. Alexandrescu F.M. Giubilato E. Critto A. Marcomini A. Bar- tke S. Rizzo E., Pesce M. Brownfield regeneration in europe. identifying stakeholder perceptions, concerns, attitudes and inforinform needs. Land Use Policy, (48):437-453, 2015.

Klusacek P. Kune J. Martinat S. Osman R., Frantal B. Factors affecting brownfield regeneration in post-socialist space: the case of czech republic. Land Use Policy, (48):309-316, 2015.

Thuy L. Magliocco E. Hartog N. Baciocchi R. Capobianco O., Costa G. Carbonation of stainless steel slag in the context of in situ brownfield remediation. Minerals Engineering, (59) :91 100, 2014.

Rink D. Haase D., Haase A. Conceptualizing the nexus between urban shrinkage and ecosystem services. Landscape and Urban Planning, (132): 159-169, 2014.

Lorber L. Holistic approach to revitalized old industrial areas. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, (120):326-334, 2014.

In-Ja L.B. Jinwoo A. Shawn H. Hinchee-Rodriguez K. Dustin S. Chang- Hyeock B. Charlton L. M. Nam G. Mithun M., Hercik K. Structural determinants of human apobec3a enzymatic and nucleic acid binding properties. Nucleic acids research, 42(2):1095-1110, 2014.

Klusacek P. Krejci P. Kune J. Martinat S. Frantal B., Greer-Wootten B. Exploring spatial patterns of urban brownfields regeneration: the case of brno, czech republic. Cities, (44):9-18, 2015.

Tonev P. Frantal B. Klusâcek P. Martinat S. Havlicek M. Cernik J. Kune J., Navrâtil J. Perception of urban renewal: reflexions and coherences of socio-spatial patterns (brno, czech republic). Geographia Technica, 9(1):66 77, 2014.

Stanislav M. Frantal B. Brownfields: A geographical perspective. Moravian Geographical Reports, 21(2):2-4, 2013.

T. Arndt D. Rink. Investigating perception of green structure configuration for afforestation in urban brownfield development by visual methods, a case study in leipzig, germany. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2015.

Geng Y. Sun L. Ma Z. Zhang Y. Mitchell B. Zhang L.. Ren W., Xue B. Inventoring heavy metal pollution in redevelopment brownfields and its policy contribution, case study from tiexi district, shenyang, china. Land Use Policy, (38) : 138-146, 2014.

Ke G.Y. Chen Y. Zhu Y., Hipel K.W. Establishment and optimization of an evaluation index system for brownfield redevelopment project, an empirical study. Environmental Modelling & Software, (74): 173-182, 2015.

Klusavcek P. Bartke S. Alexandrescu F., Martinat S. The path from passivity toward entrepreneurship public sector actors in brownfield regeneration processes in central and eastern europe. Organization & Environment, 27(2):181 201, 2014.

Payne S. Pioneers, pragmatists and sceptics: speculative housebuilders and brownfield development in the early twenty-first century. Town Planning Review, 84(l):37-62, 2013.

Maceckovâ B. Vojkovska, D. Brownfields in the area of small municipalities. International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geo Conference: SGEM: Surveying Geology & mining Ecology Management, 1:155, 2013.

Novakova E. Klusavcek P. Martinat S. Osman R. Frantal B., Kune J. Location matters! exploring brownfields regeneration in a spatial context (a case study of the south moravian region, czech republic). Moravian Geographical Reports, 21 (2):5-19, 2013.

Nekolovâ J. Bednâr P. Novosâk J., Hâjek O. The spatial pattern of brownfields and characteristics of redeveloped sites in the ostrava metropolitan area (czech republic). Moravian Geographical Reports, 21 (2):36-45, 2013.

Burningham K. France C. Atkinson G., Doick K.J. Brownfield regeneration to greenspace: delivery of project objectives for social and environmental gain. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, (13):586-594, 2014.

AA.VV. Adaptative reuse, bonifiche e rigenerazione urbana, nuove strategie per un mercato in evoluzione. Technical report, TRA Architettura Condivisa - Golder Associates, 2014.

Quentin S. Franck K. Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. Routledge, 2013.

Beringer J. Grace M. Sardina P. Thompson Ross M., Beardall J. Means and extremes: building variability into community-level climate change experiments. Ecology Letters, 16(6):799-806, 2013.

Morgan D.J.R. Hughes L. Lawrence D.J. Burke H., Hough E. Approaches to inform redevelopment of brownfield sites: an example from the leeds area of the west yorkshire coalfield, uk. Land Use Policy, (47):321-331, 2015.

F.Minucci R.Bedrone. Sulla via di una regione iindustrial ecologica, la Ruhr. Celid, 1993.

Schaefer W. Van der Kraben E. Glumac B., Han Q. Negotiation issues in forming public-private partnerships for brownfield redevelopment, apllying a game theoretical experiment. Land Use Policy, (47):66-77, 2015.

Klusacek P. Giubilato E. Critto A. Frantal B. Martinat S. Kune J. Osman R. Bartke S. Pizzol L., Zabeo A. Timbre brownfield prioritization tool to support effeffect brownfield regeneration. Journal of Environmental Management (166):178-192, 2016.

Hipel K.W. Wang Q., Kilgour D.M. Facilitating risky project negotiation. an integrated approach using fuzzv real options, multicriteria analysis, and conflict analysis. Information Sciences, (295):544-557, 2015.

Regina H. Nastran M. Advancing urban ecosystem governance in ljubliana. Environmental Science & Policy, 2015.

Haase D. Rail E.L. Creative intervention in a dynamic city: A sustainability assessment of an interim use strategy for brownfields in leipzig, germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(3): 189-201, 2011.

Waibel M. Zielke P. Comparative urban governance of developing creative space in china. Habitat International, (41):99-107, 2014.

Maas J. Verheij A.R. Groenewegen P. Van den Berg A., MaaVan den Berg A. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Social science & medicine, 70(8):1203-1210, 2010.

Anders Busse N. Ling Q., Lindberg S. Is biodiversity attractive? onsite perception of recreational and biodiversity values in urban green space. Landscape and Urban Planning, 119:136-146, 2013.

Lestan D. Grega V. Solidification/stabilisation of metals contaminated industrial soil from former zn smelter in celje, slovenia, using cement as a hydraulic binder. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178(1) :926-933, 2010.

Al-Tabbaa A. Hou D. Sustainability: A new imperative in contaminated land remediation. Environmental Science & Policy, (39):25-34, 2014.

Biasioli M. Ajmone-Marsan F. Trace elements in soils of urban areas. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213(1):121-143, 2010.

Mathieu C. Evans J. Aronson M.F.J. Gallagher F. Krumins J.A. Hang- mann D.F., Goodey N.M. Effect of metal contamination on microbial enzymatic activity in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, (91):291 297, 2015.

Esquinas N. Fernandez-Brana A. Afif E. Gallego J.R., Rodriguez- Valds E. Insight into a 20-ha multi-contaminated brownfield megasite: an environmental forensics approach. Science of, 2015.

Lores I. Gutirrez B. Gallego J.R. Lara-Gonzalo A., Kruge M.A. Pyrolysis gc-ms for the rapid environmental forensic screening of contaminated brownfield soil. Organic Geochemistry, (87):9-20, 2015.

Hudal S.S. Kaur G. Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil using earthworm eisenia fetida. Journal of Environment, 04(02):25-29, 2015.

Costa G. Morone M. Zingaretti D. Baciocchi R., Capobianco O. Car- bonation of industrial residues for carbon dioxide storage and utilization as a treatment to achieve multiple environmental benefits. Energy Procedia, (63):5879-5886, 2014.

Gallagher F.J. Zhang W. Yu L. Liu C. Jones K.W. Tappero R. Feng H., Qian Y. Syncrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in phragmites australis and typha latifolia root tissue from a urban brownfield site. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2015.

Di Pietro F. Greulich S. Bouch-Pillon S. Bonthoux S., Brun M. How can wastelands promote biodiversity in cities? a review. Landsca, (132):79-88, 2014.

Rebele F. Differential succession towards woodland along a nutrient gradient. Applied Vegetation Science, 16(3):365-378, 2013.

Kleyer M. Kattwinkel M., Biedermann R. Temporary conservation for urban biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 144(9):2335-2343, 2011.

Kowarik I. Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation. Environmental Pollution, 159(8-9): 1974 - 1983, 2011. Selected papers from the conference Urban Environmental Pollution: Overcoming Obstacles to Sustainability and Quality of Life (UEP2010), 20-23 June 2010, Boston, {USA}.

Kweku B. Chrysochoou M. and Kathleen S. Norman G. Amvros- sios B. Geeta D., Granda-Carvajal C. A g.i.s. and indexing scheme to screen brownfields for area-wide redevelopment planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105(3): 187-198, 2012.

Bell S. Unt A.L. The impact of small-scale design interventions on the behaviour patterns of the users of an urban wasteland. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1):121-135, 2014.

Haase D. Emily Lorance Rail E. Creative intervention in a dynamic city: A sustainability assessment of an interim use strategy for brownfields in Leipzig, germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(3):189 - 201, 2011.

Kleinschmit B. Lauf S., Haase D. Linkages between ecosystem services provisioning, urban growth and shrinkage - a modeling approach assessing ecosystem service trade-offs. Ecological Indicators, (42):73-94, 2014.

Junker R.R. Petanidou T. Kokkini S. Kantsa A., Tscheulin T. Urban biodiversity hotspots wait to get discovered: The example of the city of ioannina, {NW} greece. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120:129 - 137, 2013.

Cornelini P. Filibeck G., Petrella P. All ecosystem look messy, but some more than others, a case - study on management and acceptance of mediterranean urban grasslands. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 15(32-39), 2016.

Skinner A. M. J. Davies Z. G. Rouquette J. Maltby L. Warren P. H. Armsworth P.R. Gaston K. J. Dallimer M., Irvine K. N. Biodiversity and the feel-good factor: Understanding associations between self-reported human well-being and species richness. BioScience, 62(1):47-55, 2012.

Diethart M. Lindemann-Matthies P., Junge X. The influence of plant diversity on people's perception and aesthetic appreciation of grassland vegetation. Biological Conservation, 143(1):195 - 202, 2010.

Hanski I. Eco-evolutionary dynamics in a changing world. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1):1 17, 2012.

Verburg P. H. Revoredo-Giha C. Britz W. Gocht A. McCracken D. Ren- wick A., Torbjorn L. Policy reform and agricultural land abandonment in the eu. Land Use Policy, 30(l):446-457, 2013.

Kowarik I. Van der Meer E. Hofmann M., Westermann J.R. Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(3):303-312, 2012.

Kopnina H. Evaluating education for sustainable development (esd): Using ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes toward the sustainable development (eaatsd) scale. Environment, development and sustainability, 15(3):607-623, 2013.

Filibeck G. Landi S Maccherini S. Chiarucci A., Bacaro G. and Scop- pola A. Scale dependence of plant species richness in a network of protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(2):503-516, 2012.

Greswell R.B. Mackay R. Bates A.J., Sadler J.P. Effects of recycled aggregate growth substrate on green roof vegetation development , a six year experiment. Landscape and Urban Planning, (135):22-31, 2015.

Crittenden -J.C. Smetana S.M. Sustainable plants in urban parks: A life cycle analysis of traditional and alternative lawns in georgia, usa. Landscape and Urban Planning, (122): 140-151, 2014.

Lord R.A. Reed canarygrass (phalaris arundinacea) outperforms mi- canthus or willow on marginal soils, brownfield and non-agricultural sites for local, sustainable crop production. Biomass and Bioenergy, (78): 110-125, 2015.

Cleall P.J. Hutchings T.R. Page K., Harbottle M.J. Heavy metal leaching and environmental risk from the use of compost-like output as an energy crop growth substrate. Science of the Total Environment, (487):260-271, 2014.

Benedetti A. Gras L. Mughini M. Salvati L. Mughini G., Alianiello F. Clonal variation in growth, arsenic and heavy metal uptakes of hybrid eucalyptus clones in a mediterranean environment. Agroforestry systems, 87(4):755-766, 2013.

Rossetto A. Miglietta P., Monteccone M. Le tre vie. riconversione di brownfield a torino. Acer, (3): 18-24, 2014.