Soundscape and behavioural effects of introduced music in the acousti environment : a field experiment

Pierluigi Ciullo

Soundscape and behavioural effects of introduced music in the acousti environment : a field experiment.

Rel. Arianna Astolfi, Jian Kang, Francesco Aletta. Politecnico di Torino, Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città, 2016

Controlla la disponibilità in biblioteca

Abstract:	The concept of soundscape was first introduced by Raymond Murray Schafer in the late sixties. The research that involved the soundscape include a variety of fields from acoustics and psychoacoustics to fields like psychology, sociology expanding to architecture and urbanism. In the field of architecture and urbanism, soundscape has gained an increasing interest in the last two decades. On the planners' side is still struggling to enter the mind-set as the regulation is yet not up to date with the latest findings. The regulations focus mainly on the noise abatement, bringing the field to a broader audience. In fact, in the last decades the studies have proven the effects that noise pollution has on the people psycho-physical wellness. Nonetheless, the sound level controls, noise mapping and noise abatement represent only a small part of the tools that can be used by the planner to fight noise pollution or a bad soundscape and get to a better environment. A Positive example of good administration comes from the City of Brighton, UK that is actively collaborating with the University of Sheffield and the SONORUS network. The city of Brighton is considering the acoustic and soundscape as an integral part of the city and not as a secondary aspect. For example, the quality aspects of the soundscape have been investigated in the project of transformation made for the Valley Gardens in Brighton. The Valley Gardens are part of the city that presented high noise levels and those having a bad influence on the green areas present in the site. In the city of Brighton, Harry Witchel conducted an experiment that has strongly influenced the footprint of this work. In this project I have collaborated with team members of the SONORUS network working on the path created by Harry Witchel in his study on the West Street Tunnel experiment (Witchel, et al. 2014). The SONORUS network is a team of researchers from several different universities in Europe, including, Chalmers, Naples, Gent and Sheffield. Along with the universities there is the collaboration with various engineering consulting companies and city councils. The main test sites are: Brighton, Rome, Berlin and Antwerp. The aim of SONORUS is the planning of the acoustic environment of the cities that "supports wellbeing and health of the people living there" (SONORUS, 2013) In this thesis is presented an empirical case that tries to demonstrate how is possible to impact the individuals' behaviour, by changing the characteristics of the soundscape. As for the West Street Tunnel experiment, where the subjects using the tunnel that connected West Street to the coast where find place all the venues of the nightlife of Brighton. It has been decided to use three different music excerpts used in the West Street Tunnel Experiment and observe their effects on the subjects of the Concourse Bridge area within the University of Sheffield Campus. Thus observing how the subjects, unaware of being observed, responded to the three condition plus the "no music" conditions in terms of measurable variable recorded by video-camera. Then the data were collected from the recordings and inserted in a database that allowed running statistical tests on the sample. The body of the work is divided into six chapters. The first three namely Chapter 2, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, consist in a literature review. More precisely Chapter 2, reports some examples of the research that has been carried out in the field of soundscape structuring the literature review around the model created by Herranz-Pascual that stated that the soundscape research might be arranged around three major factors, as a matter of fact this part conducted us to place the research on the side of the activity, as it has resulted the least explored area. The Chapter 3 crosses the boundaries of the soundscape to quickly explore the field of market research that explores the effects of music on the clients' behaviour. In the Chapter 4, the West Street Tunnel experiment is exposed in more detail with the results obtained in the study. The Chapters 5,6,7 regard the Concourse Bridge Experiment that has been carried out and are respectively the sections containing the objectives, methods and results. The final chapter include the discussion of the results obtained, according to the existing research and the future possible perspectives. In the appendix A, is reported the full database extracted from the video recordings and in appendix-B is reported the preliminary design of the experiment with the preliminary
Relatori:	Arianna Astolfi, Jian Kang, Francesco Aletta
Tipo di pubblicazione:	A stampa
Soggetti:	A Architettura > AO Progettazione S Scienze e Scienze Applicate > SA Acustica
Corso di laurea:	Corso di laurea magistrale in Architettura Costruzione Città
Classe di laurea:	NON SPECIFICATO
Aziende collaboratrici:	NON SPECIFICATO
URI:	http://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/id/eprint/4634
Capitoli:	Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature review and the soundscape framework 2.1 Soundscape: context, people and activity 2.2 Soundscapeand Context 2.3 The Acoustic Environment, its perception and sound preference 2.4 Soundscape and activity Chapter 3. Music in the environment and relations to behaviour 3.1 Music Effects on customers within the retail environment 3.2 Music Effects customers in restaurants 3.2.1 Meal duration while listening to music at the same time 3.3 Music on waiting time and work performance 3.3.1 Effects of Silence vs Music on waiting time 3.4 Music and its effects on the work performance Chapter 4. The West Street Tunnel Experiment in Brighton Chapter 5. The Concourse Bridge Experiment: Foreword and Objectives 5.1 Objectives Chapter 6. Methods 6.1 Area 6.2 Acoustic Characterisation 6.2.1 Materials selection and assignment 6.2.2 Preliminary results 6.2.3 Punctual Receivers 6.2.4 Final Settings 6.3 Ethical considerations 6.4 Equipment 6.5 Music Excerpts selection 6.6 Participants 6.7 Setup 6.8 Parameters observed 6.9 Data Collection Chapter 7. Results 7.1 Analysis of means 7.2 Analysis of Variance Between the Groups 7.3 Correlation between Audio stimuli and activity 7.4 Correlation between Audio stimuli and activity: adjusted activities test 7.4.1 Music Genre and Smoking 7.4.2 Music Genre and Chatting 7.4.3 Music Genre and eating 7.4.4 Music Genre and loitering 7.5 Stimuli-Area Correlation 7.6 Summary of Results Chapter 8. Discussion and Conclusions Appendix A. - Database Appendix B. - Experiment Preliminary Design 8.1 General considerations 8.2 Variables 8.3 preliminary experiment Bibliography
Bibliografia:	Adrian, C, N.J Hagreaves, and D.J. Hagreaves. 1996. "The Effect of Music on Responses to a Dinning Area." Journal of Environmental Psychology (vol. 16, pp. 55- 64) vol. 16, pp.55-64. Alpert, J.I., and M.I. Alpert. 1990. "Music influences on mood and purchases intentions." Psychology and Marketing vol.7, pp.109-133. Amy Irwin, Deborah A. Hall, and Christopher J. Plack. 2010. "How do listeners react to different urban soundscapes? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of perception and emotion." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 03. Areni, C.S., and D. Kim. 1993. "The Influence of Background Music on Shopping Behavior: Classical versus top-40 Music in a Wine Store." advances in consumer research Vol.20, pp. 336-340. Association, Acoustical Materials. 1956. Sound absorption coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. New York: Acoustical Materials Assn. Berglund, B, T. Lindvall, and DH Schwela. 1999. Guidelines for comunity noise. World Health Organization Report. Botteldooren, De Coensel, De Muer. 2009. "The temporal Structure of urban soundscapes." Elsevier jsvi 105-123. Brief, A.P., M.J. Burke, B.S. Robinson, and J. Webster. 1988. "Should Negative." Journal of Applied Psychology vol.73(2), pp. 193-198. Brown, Andreas, and Andreas Muhar. 2004. "An approach to the acoustic design of outdoor space." ournal of Environmental Planning and Management, 11: 827-842. Bruner, G.C. 1990. "Music, mood and marketing." Journal of Marketing vol.54, pp.94-104. Bull, M. 2000. Sounding out the city: Personal Stereos and the Management of everyday Life. Oxford: New York Berg Publishers. Crowe, T. D. 2000. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann. D.A. Hall, A. Irwin,M. Edmondson-Jones, S. Phillips, J. Poxon. 2013. "An exploratory evaluation of perceptual, psychoacoustic and acoustical properties of urban soundscapes." Elsevier Applied Acoustics 248-254. Davies, Adams, Bruce, and Marselle. 2009. "The positive soundscape project: A synthesis of results from many disciplines." internoiuse 2009. Ottawa. Davies, Adams. 2008. "The positive soundscape project." Madrid. de Castro, J.M. 1994a. "Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food intake than other companion." Psychology and Behavior vol.56, pp. 445-455. de Castro, J.M. 1999. "Measuring real-world eating behavior." Progressive obesity research vol.9, pp.215-218. de Castro, J.M. 1994b. Methodology, correctional analysis, and intrepretation of diet diary reports of the food and fluid intakes free living humans. Atlanta, USA: Elsevier, Appetite. EC (European Comunity). 1993. ""Towards Sustainability" the european programme of policy and action in relation to the environmentand sustainable development." Gardner, M.P. 1985. "Mood states and consumer behaviour: a critical review." Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 12, pp. 281-297. Garlin, F.V., and K. Owen. 2006. "Setting the tone of the tune: a meta-analytic review of the effects of background music in retail settings." Journal of Business Research vol.59, pp 755-764. Genuit, and Fiebig. 2006. "Psychoacoustics and its Benefit for the Soundscape Approach." ACTA Acustica united with ACUSTICA. Glass, G.V., B. McGaw, and M.L. Smith. 1981. "Meta-analysis in social research." Beverly Hills:sage Pubblications. Grayston, D. 1974. "Music While you work." industrial Management 38-39. Herranz-Pascual, Karmele, Itziar Aspuru, and Igone García. 2010. "Proposed Conceptual Model of Environmental." Internoise 2010. Lisbon. Herrington, D.J., and L.M. Capella. 1996. "A field study of the music effect in the service environments." Journal of Service Marketing vol. 10, pp. 26-41. Hirsch, L. E. 2012. Music in American Crime Prevention and Punishment. Detroit: University of Michigan Press. Isen, A.M., K.A. Daubman, and G.P. Nowicki. 1987. "Positive Affect Facilitates." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology vol.52(6), pp. 1122-1131. J, Kang. 2002. Acoustics of Long Spaces Theory and Design Practice. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. J, Kang, and YU C. 2011. "Acoustic Sustainability in Urban Residential Areas." Procedia Environmental Sciences 10. Elsevier. 471-477. J, Kang, and Zhang M. 2010. "Semantic differential analysis of the soundscape in urban open public spaces." Elsevier Building and environment 150-157. J. Tardieu, P. Susini.F. Poisson, P.Lazareff, S. McAdams. 2008. "Perceptual study of soundscape in train stations." Elsevier Applied Acoustics 69 1224-1239. J., Cox. T., and Peter DAntonio. 2009. Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers: Theory, Design and Application. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Jang, G, and C. Kook. 2005. "The Selection of introduced Sound to improve the Soundscape in the Public Spaces." Physiological anthropology 55-59. Job, RSF. 1988. "Community response to noise: a review of factors influencing the relationship between noise exposure and reaction." J Acoust Soc Am (J Acoust Soc Am) 83: 991-1001. José Luis Carles, Isabel Lopez Barrioa, José Vicente de Luciob. 1999. "Sound influence on landscape values." Landscape and Urban Planning, 01 25: 191-200. K, Yang, and Kang J. 2014. "A case study on controlling sound fields in a courtyard by landscape designs." Landscape and Urban Planning 10-20. K. KAWAI, T. YANO. 2002. "Relation between the overall impression of the sound environment and types and loudness of environmental sounds." Journal of Sound and Vibration, February 7: 41-46. Kang, Jian. 2007. Urban Sound Environment. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. Kang, Jian, and Lei Yu. 2010. "Factors influencing the sound preference in urban open spaces." 622-633. Kawai, K, and T Yano. 2002. "Relation between the overall impression of the sound environment and types and loudness of environmental sounds." Journal of Sound and Vibration, February 7: 41-46. Kotler, P. 1973. "atmospherics as a marketing tool." Journal of retailing Vol.49 47-55. Kotler, P. 1974. "Atmospherics as a Marketing Tool." Journal of Retailing vol.49, pp. 40-64. Kuttruff, Heinrich. 2007. Acoustics An Introduction. Oxon: Taylor & Francis. Lehmann, A.C. 1997. "Affective Responses to Everyday Life Events and Music." Psychology of Music vol.25, pp.84-90. Lesiuk, T. 2000. "The Effect of Music Listening on a Computer Programming Task." Journal of Computer Information Systems 40(3), pp.50-57. Lesiuk, T. 2005. "The effect of music listening on work performance." Psychology of Music vol.33,173-191. Linsen, M.A. 1975. "Like our music todat Ms. Shopper?" Progressive Grocer 156. M, Yang, and Kang J. 2013. "Applicability and application of music features in soundscape." Sheffield. M. Adams, T. Cox, G. Moore, B. Croxford, M. Refaee, S. Sharpies. 2006. "Sustainable Soundscapes: Noise Policy and the Urban Experience." Urban Studies 2385-2398. Macnaghten, P, and J Urry. 1998. Contested Natures. London. Marry, S., and J. Defiance. 2013. "Analysis of the perception and representation of sonic public spaces through on site survey, acoustic indicators and in-depth interviews." Elsevier Applied Acoustics 282-292. Martineau, P. 1958. "The personality of the retail store." Harvard Business Review vol.36 pp.47-55. Mehrabian, A., and J.A Russel. 1974. An Approach to Enviromental Psychology. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press. Miller, N. 2013. "Understanding Soundscapes." Buildings 728-738. Milliman, R. E. 1982. "Using Background Music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers." Journal of Marketing 86-91. Milliman, R.E. 1986. "Revealing the Influence of Music to the Restaurant patrons' Behavior." Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 13, pp.286-289. North, A.C., and D.J. Hargreaves. 1996. "The effects of music on responses to a dinning area." Journal of Environmental Psychology 16, 55-64. Progressive Grocer. 1995. 62nd annual report of the grocery industry. Progressive Grocer. R. Cain, P. Jennings, J. Poxon. 2013. "The development and application of the emotional dimensions of a soundscape." Elsevier Applied Acoustics 232-239. R., Schafer. 1977. The tuning of the world. Toronto: Me Clelland and Stewart. Radocy, R.E., and J.D. Boyle. 1997. "Psychologycal Foundations of Musical Behavior, 3rd edn." Psychologycal Foundations of Musical Behavior. Springfield. IL, US: Charles C. Thomas. Raimbault, and Dubois. 2005. "Urban soundscapes: Experiences and Knowledge." Elsevier Cities 339-350. Russel, J.A., and J. Snodgrass. 1991. "Emotion and environment." In Handbook of Environmental Psychology, by D. Stokols and Altman I., Vol.l. Malabar, FL, US: Kreiger Publishing. Southworth. 1969. "The sonic environment of cities." Environment Behaviour 49-70. Spangenberg, E., and R. Yalch. 1993. "Using store music for retail zoning: a field experiment." Asvances in consumer research vol.20, pp.632-636. Stroebele, N., and J.M. de Castro. 2005. People's Food Intake and Meal Duration will Increase While People are Eating and Listening to Music at the Same Time. Research Report, Atlanta, USA: Elsevier. T. Sheridan, K. Van Lengen. 2003. "Hearing Architecture. Exploring and Designing The Aural Environment." J of Architectural'Education 37-44. Uhrbrock. R.S. 1961. "Music on the job: its influence on workers morale and production." Personell Psychology 9-38. Westerkamp, H. 2000. "Sound excursion: piano pilato, Brasilia." J Acoust Ecol 1:20-1. Wilson, S. 2003. "The effects of music on peceived atmosphere and purchase intentions in a restaurant." Psychology of Music vol.31, pp 93-112. Witchel, Harry J, Lisa Lavia, Matt Easteal, Carina Westling, Daniel Goodhand, Adolfo Lopez-Mendez, Odobez, and Jean-Marc. 2014. "Music Interventions in the West Street Tunnel in Brighton: a Comunity Safety and Night-Noise. Stmndscape Intervention Pilot (Preliminary report)." Brighton. Witchel, Harry. 2011. You are what you hear: How music and territory make us who we are. New York: Algora Publishing. Yu, L, and J Kang. 2005. "Soundscape evaluation in city open spaces using artificial neural networks." XXII congress of Architecture UIA 2005. Istanbul.

Modifica (riservato agli operatori)