In che modo le strategie di protezionismo verde dell’UE e degli Stati Uniti influiscono sulla catena di approvvigionamento globale e sullo sviluppo di tecnologie pulite? = In what ways are the EU and US green protectionism strategies affecting the global supply chain and development of clean technologies?

The European Union (EU) and the United States (US) have developed green protectionism laws to guarantee supply chains for vital technologies including solar panels and batteries as the worldwide shift to clean energy picks speed. Beyond environmental objectives, the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) are intimately linked to geopolitics, trade disputes, and industrial strategy. This master's thesis looks at how these protectionist policies affect trade ties, world supply networks, and the growth of clean technology sectors. Three main points from a perspective form the framework of the study. A supply chain study first looks at how these rules change trade dependencies, sourcing practices, and manufacturing costs. Second, a geopolitical study evaluates the impact of world events including the US-China trade war, the conflict between Russia-Ukraine, and Middle Eastern instability. Third, in the competition for clean energy leadership, a policy analysis assesses the trade-offs among industrial competitiveness, economic security, and international collaboration. Combining policy documents, trade data, and expert opinions from think tanks like Chatham House and the Brookings Institution, international organizations like the OECD and WTO, and industry sources including the International Energy Agency and BloombergNEF using a qualitative research methodology. The results imply that although green protectionist policies seek to lower foreign reliance and increase domestic production, they also bring fresh difficulties including higher costs, supply chain disruptions, and tensions with important trading partners, especially China, which controls the processing of rare earth elements, lithium, and cobalt. Also, these laws concern power as much as they do supply chains. Though both the US and the EU are vying for supremacy in clean technologies, this competition could sour world collaboration on climate projects. Protectionist policies meant to guarantee access to raw resources could, ironically, slow down rather than speed the green transition. Finally, this thesis discusses the complex interaction between economic policy and international politics, thereby clarifying how green protectionism would affect the direction of clean technology. It asks a fundamental challenge: Without more world cooperation, can the US and the EU create a sustainable and resilient clean energy future?