Robustness of Building Design Whith Respect to Occupant Behavior

Part 1

1.1 Background

1.1.1 International Saving Policies

1.1.2 Occupant Behavior

1.1.3 Building Robustness

1.2 Objective.

Part 2_Case Study

2.1 Reference Model

2.2 Building Energy Simulation

1.2.1 Simulation Tool: IDA ICE....

1.2.2 Implementation on IDA ICE.

Deterministic òimuiations Kesuits

Part 3_Software Implementation of Real Users’ Profiles in the Reference Model

3.1 Deterministic VS Probabilistic Approach to Occupant Behavior

3.2 Occupants’ Interaction with Windows

3.2.1 State of the Art

3.3 Occupants’ Interaction with Shadings

3.3.1 State of the Art

3.4 Implemented Models

3.4.1 Windows' Use Implemented Model

3.4.2 Shadings' Use Implemented Model

3.1 Probabilistic Simulations’ Results

3.2 Discussion

Part 4_Robustness of Building Design: Analysis of the Impact on Occupant Behavior and I Consumption

4.1 Robustness of Building Design

4.2 Input Parameters

4.3 Results

4.3.1 Influence of the Building Design in a Reference Zone

4.3.1.1 Thermal Mass & Transparency

4.3.1.2 Thermal Mass & Shading

4.3.1.3 Discussion

4.3.2 Influence of Building Design in Zones with Different Orientations

4.3.2.1 Discussion

4.3.3 Influence of Building Design in Different Climates

4.3.3.1 The Reference Zone in Different Climates

4.3.3.2 Different Zones in Different Climates

4.4 Discussion

Part 5_Conclusions

5.1 To Sum Up

5.1.1 Comparison with literature

5.1.2 The Geographical Matter

5.2 Future Projections

5.3 Concluding Remarks

Al Mumin A., Khattab 0., Sridhar G., Occupants’ behavior and activity patterns influencing the energy consumption in the Kuwaiti residences, Energy and Buildings 35, 2003, pp. 549-559.

Andersen R.V., Toftum J., Andersen K.K., Olesen B.W., Survey of occupant behavior and control of indoor environment in Danish dwellings, Energy and Building 41, 2009, pp. 11-16.

Bahaj A.S., James P.A.B., Urban energy generation: the added value of photovoltaics in social housing, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11,2007, pp. 2121-2136.

Bordass B., Bromley K., Leaman A., User and Occupant Controls in Office Buildings, Proceedings of the conference: Building Design, Technology and Occupant Well-being in Temperate Climates, Brussels, BE, February, 1993.

Bourgeois D., Reinhart C., Macdonald I., Adding advanced behavioural models in whole building energy simulation: A study on the total energy impact of manual and automated lighting control, Energy and Buildings 38, 2006, pp. 814-823.

Breesch H., Bossaer A., Janssens A., Passive cooling in a low-energy office building, Solar Energy 79, 2005, pp. 682-696.

D’Oca S., Influence of occupants’ behavior on heating energy consumption and thermal comfort in residential buildings, Master Thesis, 2012.

de Dear R., Brager G.S., Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference, ASHRAE Transactions Vol. 104 (I), 1998, pp. 145-167.

Eicker U., Huber M., Seeberger P., Vorschulze C., Limits and potentials of office building climatisation with ambient air, Energy and Building 38, 2006, pp. 574-581.

EN 15251(2008), Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air quality, light and noise, European Standard.

Fabi V., Andersen R.V., Corgnati S.P., Olesen B.W., Filippi M., Description of occupant behavior in building energy simulation: state-of-art and concepts for their improvement, Proceedings of Conference: Building Simulation, Sydney, Australia, November, 2011.

Fabi V., Andersen V.R., Corgnati S.P., Window opening behavior: simulations of occupant behavior in residential buildings using models based on a field survey, Proceedings of the 7th Windsor

Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world, Windsor, UK, 12-15 April, 2012.

Foster M., Oreszczyn T., Occupant control of passive systems: the use of Venetian blinds, Building and Environment 36, 2001, pp. 149-155.

Frank T„ Climate change impacts on building heating and cooling energy demand in Switzerland, Energy and Buildings 37, 2005, pp. 1175-1185.

Georg A., Graf W., Schweiger D., Wittwer V., Nitz P., Rose Wilson H., Switchable glazing with a large dynamic range in total solar energy transmittance (TSET), Solar Energy 62, 1997, pp. 215- 228.

Goller M., Integration of daylighting technologies in demand side management programs. Estimation of the energetical peak load potential, Final Report, Stuttgart, 1998, SAVE Project No XVII/4.1031/S/94-138,Fraunhofer IRB Verlag 290 S.: III.

Gratia E., Herde A.D., Design of low energy office buildings, Energy and Buildings 35, 2003, pp. 473-491.

Gratia E., Herde A.D., Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double skin fagade, Energy and Building 36, 2004, pp. 1139-1152.

Guerra Santin O., Behavioural Patterns and Users Profiles related to energy consumption for heating, Energy and Building 43, 2011, pp. 2662-2672.

Guerra Santin O., The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on energy use for space and water heating in Dutch residential stock, Energy and Building 41, 2009, pp. 1223-1232.

Haldi F., Robinson D., Interactions with window openings by office occupants, Building and Environment 44, 2009, pp. 2378-2395.

Haldi F., Robinson D., On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants, Building and Environment 43, 2008, pp. 2163-2177.

Hensen J.L.M., On the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system, Thesis, 1991.

Herkel S., Knapp U. Pfafferott J., Toward a model of user behavior regarding the manual control of windows in office buildings, Building and Environment 43, 2008, pp. 588-600.

Hoes P., Hensen J.L.M., Loomans M.G.L.C., de Vries B., Bourgeois D., User behavior in whole building simulation, Energy and Buildings 41, 2009, pp. 295-302.

IDA ICE 4.0, Manual version 4.0 EQUA Simulation AB (September 2009)

Koinakis C.J., Combined thermal and natural ventilation modeling for long-term energy assessment: validation with experimental measurements, Energy and Building 37, 2005, pp. 311- 323.

Leaman A., Bordass B., Productivity in buildings: the “killer” variables, Building Research and Information 27,1999, pp. 4-20.

Lee E.S., Selkowitz S.E., The design and evaluation of integrated envelope and lighting control strategies for commercial buildings, ASHRAE Transactions vol. 101 (I), 1995, pp. 326-342.

Levermore G.J., Monitoring and targeting; motivation and training. In: Sherratt A.F.C., Energy Management experience Conference. CICC, Cambridge, UK, 1985, pp. 21-30.

Liping W., Hien W.N., The impact of ventilation strategies and façade on indoor thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore, Building and Environment 42, 2007, pp. 4006-4015.

Margiotta F., Puglisi G., Caratterizzazione del parco edilizio nazionale. Determinazione dell’edificio tipo peruso ufficio, Report RSE/2009/164.

McCartney K.J., Nicol J.F., Investigating the variation of comfort temperature among European office workers, Proceedings of the conference: Moving comfort standard into the 21st Century, Windsor, UK, 5-8 April 2001.

Meier A., Aragon C., Hurwitz B., Mujumdar D., Peffer D., Pritoni M., How people actually use thermostat, 2009.

Nicol J.F., Characterizing occupant behavior in buildings: toward a stochastic model of occupant use ofg windows, lights, blind heaters and fans, Proceedings of the 7th International IBPSA Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 13-15, 2001.

Nicol J.F., Humphreys M.A., A stochastic approach to thermal comfort - occupant behavior and energy use in buildings, ASHRAE Transactions vol. 110 (II), 2004, pp. 554-568.

Nicol J.F., Humphreys M.A., Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings, Energy and Buildings 34, 2002, pp. 563-572.

Nicol J.F., Raja I.A., Allaudin A., Jamy G.N., Climatic variations in comfort temperatures: the Pakistan projects, Energy and Building 30,1999, pp. 261-279.

Olesen B.W., The philosophy behind EN 15251: Indoor environmental criteria for design and calculation of energy performance of buildings, Energy and Buildings 39,2007, pp. 740-749.

Ouyang J., Hokao K., Energy-saving potential by improving occupants' behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City, China, Energy and Buildings 41,2009, pp. 711-720.

Page J., Robinson D., Morel N., Scartezzini J.L., A generalized stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence, Energy and Building 40, 2008, pp.83-98.

Poortinga W., Steg L., Vlek C., Wiersma G., Household preferences for energy saving measures: a conjoint analysis, Journal ofEconimic Psychology 29,2005, pp. 49-64.

Raja I.A., Nicol J.F., McCartney K.J., Humphreys M.A., Thermal comfort: use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings, Energy and Buildings 33, 2001, pp. 235-244.

Reinhart C.F., Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds, Solar Energy 77, 2004, pp. 15-28.

Reinhart C.F., Voss K., Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds, Lighting Research & Technology 35, 2003, pp. 243-260.

Rijal H.B., Tuohy P., Humphreys M.A., Nicol J.F., Samuel A., Clarke J., Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of opening windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings, Energy and Buildings 39, 2007, pp. 823-836.

Robinson D., Some trends and research needs in energy and comfort prediction, Proceedings of the Windsor Conference 2006, 2006.

Schweiker M., Shukuya M., Comparative effects of building envelope improvements and occupant behavioural changes on the exergy consumption for heating and cooling, Energy Policy 38, 2010, pp. 2976-2986.

Schweiker M., Shukuya M., Comparison of theoretical and statistical models of air-conditioning- usage behavior in a residential setting under Japanese climatic conditions, Building and Environment 44, 2009, pp. 2137-2149.

Seligman C., Darley J.M, Becker L.J., Behavioral approaches to residential energy conservation, Energy and Building 1,1978, pp. 325-337.

Solocow R.H., Saving Energy in the Home: Princeton’s Experiments at Twin Rivers, Cambridge, MA, 1978, Ballinger Press.